ABSTRACT
This
project describes the automated toll collection system for toll gate based on
RFID technology. Most of the toll collection systems commonly used in Nigeria
works based on manual transaction. Nowadays, streams of traffic are increased
and toll gate on highways are congested which also leads to traffic on various
roads connected to them. Manual toll collectionsystem causes traffic jam and
waste time. The objective of this project is to transform manual transaction to
an electronic toll collection system using Radio Frequency Identification
technology. This project resolves the issue with a system which is sub divided
into three stages, they are radio frequency identification system for
identifying each car passing through the toll booth, balance deduction
mechanism and toll gate control system. For the radio frequency
identificationsystem, 13.56 MHz passive RFID reader and tag pairs are used. The
balance deduction system is implemented by creating an initial balance
associated with each RFID tag during registration with the toll management
company which will be reduced by the toll fee each time the vehicle passes the
toll booth; more funds can be added to the tag if the initial amount is
exhausted. The microcontroller is used to control the stepper motor and display
which will lead to automation at the toll booth. By using this system, it will
save time, by avoiding long queue as no need to stop the vehicle and no need of
manual transaction at the toll gate.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract
Table of Contents
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
1.3 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
1.4 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
1.5 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
1.6 METHODOLOGY
1.7 EXPECTED AREAS OF APPLICATION OF PROJECT
1.8 LIMITATIONS
1.9 PROJECT ORGANIZATION
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.2 HISTORY OF TOLL COLLECTION
2.3 MODES OF TOLL COLLECTION
2.3.1 Manual Toll Collection
2.3.2 Automatic Toll Collection
2.4 IMPACT OF TOLL COLLECTION
2.5 HISTORY OF IDENTIFICATION TECHNOLOGIES
2.6 IDENTIFICATION TECHNOLIGIES
2.6.1 Barcode Identification Systems
2.6.2 Optical Character Recognition
2.6.3 Biometric Identification System
2.6.4 Smart Cards
2.6.5 Radio Frequency Identification Systems
2.7 IMPACTS OF RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION
ON BUSINSESS MANAGEMENT
2.7.1 Supply Chain Management
2.8 COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT IDENTISFICATION
SYSTEMS
CHAPTER THREE
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS
3.1 PREAMBLE
3.2 TRANSMITTER UNIT
3.2.1 Antenna
3.3 RECEIVER UNIT
3.4 SIGNAL PROCESSING UNIT
3.5 SYSTEM DISPLAY UNIT
3.6 SYSTEM OUTPUT UNIT
3.7 POWER SUPPLY UNIT
CHAPTER FOUR
CONSTRUCTION AND TESTING
4.1 PREAMBLE
4.2 SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION
4.3 TESTING AND ANALYSIS
4.3.1 Problem One: Availability of the Radio
Frequency Identification Reader
4.3.2 Solution
4.3.3 Problem Two: Radio Frequency Identification
Tag Not Recognized
4.3.4 Solution
4.3.5 Problem Three: Relay Flickering
4.3.6 Solution
4.4 CONSTRUCTION AIDS
4.4.1 Programmer
4.4.2 Soldering Iron
4.4.3 Solder Lead and Solder Paste
4.4.4 Multi-meter
4.4.5 Pliers and Wire Strippers
4.4.6 Screwdrivers
4.5 DESIGN LIMITATION
4.6 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 PREAMBLE
5.2 SUMMARY
5.3 CONCLUSION
5.4 LIMITATIONS
5.5 RECOMMENDATIONS
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF
STUDY
Tolls are fees collected for assessing a
particular road, it is a kind of tax-like fee collected to with the aim of
helping to regain the cost of construction and maintenance, such roads are
called toll roads. Toll roads in some ways have existed before the advent of
cars when travelers use such roads on foot or using animal means of
transportation like horses and wagons, Fees were till collected before they are
allowed to pass such route. Toll roads were constructed by inhabitants of neighbouring
settlements to the roads and use the toll system as a way of generating revenue
to repay loans used in constructing the road and also for maintenance of the
road. The toll system used at the time would arguably be made up of a wood
block and some levers to ensure opening and closing after collecting fees from
road users which later developed and today it is referred to as toll booth or
toll gate. But unlike the old system which coordinates the collection of tolls
from individual on foot and horses arriving the toll point at relatively
different times due to the population of people using the toll system at the
time which implies lesser traffic, lower standard of living at the time which
was not really time conscious. The current toll system is faced with ever growing
technologies which approaches evolution in their various areas with a
methodology which looks for ways of doing things better by reducing the amount
of time needed to carry out such operation. The advent of automobiles which
unlike their predecessor have relatively high speed and contain ever growing
technologies to meet the needs of this time, This cars makes use of these toll
highways to access various urban locations for different important reasons
which are time sensitive and cannot be subjected to the relatively slow running
Toll gates which are coordinated by human who are not as operationally
efficient as the machines they are up against thereby leading to various
anomalies like traffic, time wasting etc. which will discussed during the
course of this work. Showing the inevitable need of an electronic system which can operate at equal operational efficiency
as their machine counterparts(vehicles), This will be carried out with the use
of Radio Frequency Identification and Detection (RFID) technologies as the main
means of communication between the toll system and the vehicles.
1.2 PROBLEM
STATEMENT
Roads are constructed around the world for
easy, safer, and fast movement of people and goods from one place to another.
Some of these roads are used by hundreds to thousands of people. Economic
activities and a group of other services e.g health depend on the effective
passage of people through that route to function as they should which is why
some of those roads are constructed wide to improve the effectiveness of
passage with direct relation to decrease the time spent to pass through such
roads. Despite the large amount of money spent to construct such roads for
above stated purpose, Toll booths or gates built on those roads are
jeopardizing the purpose of those roads because toll collection and
coordination of movements through are done by humans who are relatively slow
coordination of the movement through the toll and more prone to errors in
collection of toll resulting in lesser level of effectiveness which doesn’t
meet the needs of toll system intersecting such busy roads hereby resulting in
traffic, fatigue, increased accident rate, pollution, waste of fuel, and most
significantly waste of time. This project work is going to replace human
coordinated toll system with an electronic toll system so as to increase the
level efficiency of the toll system to meet the effectiveness needs the people
expect of the toll system in terms of improvements.
1.3 SCOPE OF THE
PROJECT
This is project work will cover the design of
electronic toll collection systems using RFID technologies. It can be used both
locally and globally. This project work will not cover the connection of
electronic toll systems to toll company database instead we using an approach
where the owner has a card which is registered with the company and certain
amount is deposited inside which will be deducted from anytime owner passes the
toll booth.
1.4 PURPOSE OF THE
STUDY
The project RFID Based Electronic Plaza System
is very important for so many reasons. some major ones are given below
CBN Cashless Policy: - This policy is not yet fully implemented
in Nigeria but it is around the corner, this project work is taking a massive
step in the right direction which is implementing the policy in area of toll
collection even before it is enforced by the government.
Security and Safety: - Security is a major reason for this
project because if the old toll system which is prone to lots of security risk
like robbery in the resulting traffic, Road users won’t feel safe to make use
of that road and if the road is not a monopolized route they will consider
alternatives which will add up to lesser toll income at the end of the day.
Toll booth coordinators who keep cash (money) collected for toll on them are
prone to security risk. So this work will drop this risk from its height.
Cost of Human LaborVS System Maintenance: - When you calculate the cost of paying
humans monthly who work at the current toll systems compared to the cost of
maintenance on quarterly bases of the proposed system you discover that it is
more cost effective to go with the proposed system, it is clear that the
proposed system will save cost.
Time: -One major saying in Nigeria which said in
pidgin language which relates time with income is “Time Na Money”, A phrase
which says that time is money, So nobody wants time in traffic which is a major
characteristic of the current system. This project work will help to save time.
Comfort and Reliability: - How reliable a system will go a long way
to influence if people will pass that route with the toll booth or an
alternative, the knowing that the toll is electronic alone gives people the
sense of trust in the system which is why this project will improve the reliability
of the human coordinated toll system. This project work also brings about
comfort as people don’t have to do much like interacting with toll booth
attendant which could result in exchanging of harsh words, fight etc.
1.5 AIM AND
OBJECTIVES
The aim of this project is to provide a
system with which people can make payment at toll booths or gates on roads faster.
For
this project the specific objectives are to:
·
Examining
the human coordinated toll system currently being used.
·
Elicitation
of various loop holes of the manual toll system.
·
Identifying
various means by which toll collection can be done via technology.
·
Identify
the electronic requirements for construction of the RFID based electronic toll
plaza system.
·
Designing
an Electronic toll system using RFID technologies like RFID Reader and RFID
Tags.
·
To
produce a system which can communicate with other existing technologies to
increase throughput.
1.6 METHODOLOGY
The above stated aim and objectives will be
met using the following methods: -
·
Review
of related works to project work in the electrical and electronic field.
·
Identifying
various electrical components which will be needed for this project work base
on analysis of their various characteristics.
·
Identifying
various ways of designing and constructing RFID based electronic toll system
using previous desired electrical components and devices.
·
Conducting
a Survey on Radio Frequency Identification Systems currently available.
·
Survey
on combining electrical and mechanical design.
·
Examine
the feasibility of the proposed system.
1.7 EXPECTED AREAS
OF APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
This system of electronic toll collection is
useable in many areas such as: -
·
All
toll roads within the country and world at large.
·
Non-time
based car parks.
·
Tourist
centers.
·
Fund
raising events.
1.8 LIMITATIONS
This project work is limited to areas where
some form of money collection is carried out for people to access a particular
route or place. This work can work only places where radio frequency
technologies can be used.
1.9 PROJECT
ORGANIZATION
This project work is divided into 3 parts for
the purpose of pagination as follows:
Part one and three contains the following:
Certification, Declaration, Dedication,
Acknowledgement, Table of Content, Abstract, References, Bibliography.
Part Two which is the body of the thesis
contains the following:
Chapter
One-Introduction: This chapter gives a preamble of the project
work with well stated problem the work seeks to solve also stating clearing the
aims, objectives and purpose of the project. The scope, way in which the
project will be carried are stated clearly. The chapter also gives insight on
the shape other chapters will take.
Chapter
Two-Literature Review: This chapter looks at closely related
previous works and also reviewing previous toll collection systems before
electronic toll systems were invented.
Chapter
Three-Design and Analysis: This chapter explains in details how various
electronic components and devices at large operate and also discussing their
characteristics that shows why they are needed in the design of the RFID Based
Electronic Toll Plaza System with proper analysis.
Chapter
Four-Construction and Testing: This chapter shows details of the
construction of the project work clearly stating various stages of the
construction and adequately following it with a testing process which is
clearly showed in this chapter.
Chapter
Five-Conclusion and Recommendation: This chapter provides a deduction which
shows what all the other chapters within project thesis together are all about
while also comparing the finished work with the project’s objectives making
sure they are all carried out and the problems stated are solved. This chapter
also makes recommendations on areas which future works can work upon for
further improvements in the research area.
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