ABSTRACT
This project
research was done to build a device that is capable of recording the heart rate
of an individual and sending that heart rate to the doctor. This research is
aimed on making the process of recording heart rate less complicated and the
device that will be developed during this research will try to meet the standards
of a good heart rate monitor. It will be easy to use, sizable and light so it
can be carried around during emergencies. The device is going to be very user
friendly in the sense that there are no complicated buttons the individual just
checks their heart rate and the system does the rest. This project will be used
in the medical and health care department mostly, it will also be used in
schools and homes. This project will help in the prevention of heart rate
diseases in the sense that if an individual keeps tabs on his heart rate and is
always in sync with is medical doctor, when an alteration in the heart rate is
noticed or observed it is quickly dealt with before the issue becomes
aggravated.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
Background to Study
1.1 Introduction
1.1.2 Microcontroller
1.1.3 Heart
rate measurement
1.1.4 Fingertip
reader or scanner
1.2 Problem
Statement
1.3 Aim
Objectives
1.4 Methodology
1.5 Scope
of Study
1.6 Significance
of Study
1.7 Limitations
1.8 Project
Organization
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
Heart rate monitors
History of heart rate monitors
Microcontrollers
Fingertip Sensors
GSM interface Module
2.6 REVIEW
OF OTHER PROJECTS RELATED TO OURS
The second article is Microcontroller
Based Heart Rate Monitor using Fingertip Sensors by Sharief F. Babiker, Liena
Elrayah Abdel-Khair, Samah M. Elbasheer
The third project we will be looking at
will be the Heart Rate Measurement Project, By Nusrat Hossain, Sadia Sharmin ,
Nabiha Nasir.
The forth project we will look at is the
Heartbeat Monitoring and Alert System Using Gsm Technology, By Ufoaroh S.U,
Oranugo C.O, Uchechukwu M.E 3
And the last project we will be
reviewing will be A Wrist Heart-Rate Monitor Using an Ultra-Low-Power MCU by
Daniel Torres
Overall conclusion:
CHAPTER THREE: SYSTEM ANALYSIS
AND DESING
3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2 JUSTIFICATION
OF METHODOLOGY
3.3 SYSTEM
ANALYSIS
3.3.1 DESIGN
COMPONENTS
3.3.2 ANALYSIS
OF THE ABOVE SYSTEM COMPONENTS
3.4 HARDWARE
AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
3.4.1 HARDWARE
REQUIRMENTS
3.4.1.1 The
use of the Pulse Sensor
3.4.2 SOFTWARE
REQUIRMENT
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULT AND
TESTING
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.2 Block
Diagram Circuit Design and Operation
4.3 Coding
platform
4.4 Connection
Between ArduinoUno and display screen
4.5 Communication
with GSM Module
4.6 Language
Used
4.7 Testing
and Analysis
CHAPTER FIVE:
SUMMARY, CONCLUSSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 OVERVEIW
OF OUTCOME
5.2 Discussions
5.3 LIMITATIONS
5.3 SUMMARY
CONCLUTION
RECOMMENDATION
References
CHAPTER
ONE
Background to Study
In
this chapter discussion of how the heart works will be treated and some
important terms will be defined to help our description of the heart rate
scanner device. Some important terms that will be defined are: Microcontroller,
Heart rate and Fingertip reader or scanner.
The heart is a
vital part of the human body because it is from the heart acts as a mechanism
that pumps blood to reach every nook and cranny of the human body the heart
beats up to 100,000 times in a day.
The heart is
divided into two sides and the dividing line is called the septum the right
side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen, the left side
then receives the oxygen rich blood gotten from the lungs and then pumps it to
the rest of the body. The heart has four sides or chambers and also four valves
these valves are connected to the different blood vessels. The blood vessels
and veins carry blood from the body back to the heart while arteries help in
the transportation of blood to the rest of the body.(Gary H. Gibbons, 2013) . The heart is like a
microprocessor in a computer it different blood platelets which are micro mini
organisms which are created and destroyed every minute in the body are
circulated round the body by the arteries and the veins within a particular
time.
It is important
to see how the heart beats, the atria and the ventricles work side by side,
alternately contracting and relaxing pump blood. The part of the heart that
makes this possible is the electrical system of the heart. The heartbeat is
triggered by electrical impulses which travel down a special pathway through
the heart. These electrical impulses starts in the small specialized cells
which are called the sinoatrial node, it is located at the right atrium. The
sinoatrial node is known as the hearts natural pacemaker. Electrical activity
spreads through the walls of the atria and cause them to contract. A cluster of
cells in the middle of the heart between the atria and ventricles the
atrioventricular node acts like a gate that makes the electrical signal slow
before it enters the ventricles. This delay allows the atria to have ample to
contract before the ventricles contract. A pathway called the His-Purkinje
network is a pathway of fibers that sends the impulse to the muscular walls of
the ventricles, causing them to contract.
With the
knowledge of how the heart beats it has been noted that when the body is at
rest, a normal heart beats up to 50 – 99 times a minute. When partaking in
exercise, having emotions, down with a fever and on medications the heart beats
higher than normal that is over 100 beats per minute. (James Beckerman, 2016)
The heartbeat or
pulse rate is one of the important vitals being checked in any health
organization. Taking a pulse does not only measure the heart rate, but it also
indicates the heart rhythm and the strength of the pulse with these
measurements the doctors will be able to detect whether there is or is not an
issue. The normal pulse of a healthy adult is ranges from 60 to 100 bpm. The
pulse rate fluctuates, that is increases and increases depending on the
activity being carried out or the body is at rest. It has been observed that
females over the ages of 12 and above tend to have faster heart beats than
males.
There are
different ways of checking your pulse, one of the oldest and most conventional
way of checking your pulse is to feel the beats by firmly pressing the arteries
since blood is pumped out of the body through the arteries. Where the arteries
can be felt or the pulse are at the side of the neck, the easiest is found at
the wrist, inside your elbow.
Another way that
was used for monitoring the heart rate was the electrocardiograph, this device
was a galvanometric device that detects and records the minute differences in
electric potential caused by heart action and occurring between different parts
of the body. The electrocardiograph was used to detect heart diseases.
The new modern
age monitors come in different types, for example the chest and wrist or even
mobile phones like the SAMSUNG S6. From the first edition of plastic straps,
water or liquid was required for the device to perform at an optimum level.
Later on the units used have conductive smart fabric with microprocessors built
into them these microprocessors analyze the electrocardiograph signal to
determine the heart rate. Most recent devices use optics to measure the heartrate
using infrared light. It works by an infrared light by an internal bulb, as the
infrared light is absorbed by the blood, a sensor then measures how dark the
infrared light is, if it is extremely dark due to the pulse causing a temporal
increase in the amount of blood that is being carried through the measured area
and that is counted as heart pulse.
Most of these
products that read the important vitals of heart rate which can be called heart
monitors are in the hospital or health facility. So any individual that wants
to use the service has to go to the hospital or health facility and the other
devices check vitals but do not give so much of a detailed review of your heart
performance.
This project
creates a bridge from client to doctor so clients can easily get detailed
review from a professional on that individual’s heart performance
A microcontroller which is also known as
MCU, which stands for microcontroller unit is a computer system on a chip that
is used to carry out executable task on mini systems and other mini devices.
The Microcontroller unit contains an
integrated processor, memory and programmable input or output peripherals,
which are used to interact with elements in the chip.
The microcontroller unit is very
different from a microprocessor which only contains a Central Processing Unit
(CPU). (Ganssle & Mike, 2012)
Let us first
define heart rate before discussing how it is measured. Heart rate is the speed
of the heartbeat measured by the number of contractions of the heart per minute
(bmp)
Heart rate
varies according to different activities of the body. These activities include
physical exercise, sleep, anxiety, stress, illness, and ingestion of drugs.
These activities also influence the rate of absorption of oxygen and excretion
of carbon dioxide which also influences the heart rate.(Amer, et al., 2014) .
A fingerprint scanner is a technology
that identifies and authenticates the fingerprints of an individual in order to
grant or deny access to a computer system or a physical facility.
When the heart is beating, it pumps
blood all through the body, this also changes the blood volume inside the
finger artery. This fluctuation of blood can be detected through an optical
sensing mechanism placed around the fingertip. The signal can be amplified
further for the microcontroller to count the rate of fluctuation, which is
actually the heart rate. The sensor unit consists of an infrared
light-emitting-diode (IR LED) and a photo diode, placed side by side, and the
fingertip is placed over the sensor assembly. The IR LED transmits an infrared
light into the fingertip, a part of which is reflected back from the blood
inside the finger arteries. The photo diode senses the portion of the light
that is reflected back. The intensity of reflected light depends upon the blood
volume inside the fingertip. So, every time the heart beats the amount of
reflected infrared light changes, which can be detected by the photo diode.
With a high gain amplifier, this little alteration in the amplitude of the
reflected light can be converted into a pulse.(Rajbex, 2013)
This device is simply a device that
supports communication between CPU board and external devices. This board can
be used to send or receive messages which will be a big contribution to our
project requirement for a client to be able to communicate the readings to a
professional (Doctor), the GSM module will be very needed so this board is very
important for the optimization of the project and overall performance.
From the
Electrocardiograph it shows the elaborate process it takes to get a heart rate
reading the whole process of putting electrodes on different parts of the skin
so it will be easy to detect the pulse from the various muscles the electrodes
had been placed on, this process will take a long time. Though the
electrocardiograph was created a long time ago but the idea is still welcomed.
But all the new heart rate monitors being created which are generally merged to
a microcontroller board, are still complex for some individuals to handle.(Laukkanen RMT, 1998) Looking at some of
the reviews and research carried out based on the succession of this projects shows
that most of the heart measuring devices have common issue which is the
usability level of these devices, they are not user friendly. These devices
have too many buttons on them without propel description of what each of them
mean, which is technical giving the severity of information leveland education
levelindividuals have.
Individual get
to visit the hospitals because they can’t afford to go through the stress of
using a complicated heart rate measurement device they bought already and
getting to the hospital the procedures for registering at a health facility and
seeing a medical officer are also time demanding which will force individuals
that are really time conscious or impatient to tend to keep postponing their
medical check-up because they will have to spend inconsiderable amount of time
at the hospital.
Some other
microcontroller heart rate monitoring devices are more technical or complicated
to use considering the level of Knowledge of uneducated individuals.
Based on
research on other projects the heart rate monitoring device has to use exactly
one minute to get an accurate heart rate measurement which can be done at a
faster rate considering time as a factor.
In others,
projects the monitors made where made to just measure our heart beat, but
individuals that are not medical practitioners or have no clue on how to read
heart rate measurements will not be able to operate the device properly.
As seen
therefore there is a great need to simplify heartrate monitoring devices so
everyone would be able to use it so the rate of cardiovascular diseases drastically
reduced.
This project, aim is to build a system
that can monitor the heart rate of individuals and make usability of this heart
rate measuring device simpler for uneducated individuals who seem to have
issues measuring and reading their heart rate by themselves by providing a
helper (the doctor) who will decipher the reading that was taken by the device
and sent to the doctor for proper analysis and produce a more reader friendly
report for the users.
The objectives of this project are:
1.
To design an algorithm that monitors the
heartrate of an individual in thirty seconds.
2.
To review other works that are closely
related to this project.
There will be a fingertip
sensor that will read the heart beat from the fingertip using an Infrared Light
Emitting Diode (IR LED) for thirty seconds from an LED sensor which sends the
data to the microcontroller that will now convert the readings from thirty
seconds to one minute so the result given will be beat per minute(bpm). The
result is then sent to the screen and when the send button is pressed a message
will be sent to the medical professional whose details will be programmed
inside the device.
The project
provides a user friendly method of measuring the heart beat even if the user is
uneducated or educated he still gains help from a professional (doctor) who
analysis the reading and provides a more understandable result.
The device
produces result faster for further analysis.
This device
captures and saves the reading at the particular time and sends it to a
professional for proper analysis. It also provides three phases and a button:
Phase 1(up)-
automatic send ON
Phase 2(middle)-
OFF
Phase 3(down)-
manual send ON.
It has one
button on surface which is the send button.
This device
supports a sim card that enables it send information from the reading to the
professional analyst (the doctor).
The device will
be an indoor device that will be used in homes, schools, hospitals, emergency
health care, military facilities, charity health care tours.
The rate at which
people go to the hospital because of heart related illnesses and diseases are
due to the fact that they do not have constant checkups because the closest
center to get a checkup will take the individual out of his comfort zone. But
with the thirty seconds microcontroller finger print scanner connecting user
and doctor, individuals can prevent bad heart conditions by regular checkups
from the comfort of their homes, offices and institutions.
·
The project will need good network
coverage or signal to connect to the doctor.
·
Abstract
·
Chapter one: Background study, problem
statement, aims and objectives, research methodology, scope of study, and
project organization.
·
Chapter two: Introduction, review of
closely related topics conclusion on reviews
·
Chapter three: System Analysis and
Design Methodology, Instruction, Block Diagram, Explanation of different
components, how they will be used and what they will be used for.
·
Chapter four: System Implementation and
Testing, explaining how the system works diagrammatically, limitations, outline
of the different stages and challenges faced, manual.
·
Chapter five: Future Enhancement,
Recommendation and conclusion.
·
References.
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