ABSTRACT
Hypertension is a major public health
problem which is the third leading risk factor contributing to mortality and
morbidity rate in the world. Hypertension is said to be responsible for 45% of
deaths due to heart diseases and 51% of death due to stroke. In Nigeria
hypertension is the most common cardiovascular disease reported with death rate
of 13.62% per 100,000 population as at 2014. The objective of this study was to
assess Banker’s knowledge, attitude and perception on sedentary lifestyle as a
predisposing factor to hypertension together with availability of workplace
health promotion towards combating hypertension susceptibly among bankers.
The research was a cross-sectional
survey, which was carried out among 131 staff of 10 different banks in Mushin
Local Government Area of Lagos State. A semi-structured questionnaire was used
for data collection, in which the knowledge, attitude, perception, practice of
sedentary lifestyle and hypertension and also workplace health promotion was
measured. Data collected were analyzed using statistical package for social
science (SPSS) version 21 with levels of significance set at 0.05.
Themean age of respondents was 30.09 ±
7.36 ranging between the age of 19 -45years, 64 (48.9%) were males while
67(51.1%) were female bankers. Most of the
respondents had below average
level of knowledge (46%) on what constitute sedentary lifestyle and
hypertension, where more than half of the respondent scored above average on
their attitude towards sedentary lifestyle (56%), the respondent perceived
seriousness of hypertension was above average (56.83%), where the perceived susceptibility to
hypertension was below average (49.08%) and the study also revealed that the
respondents perceived benefits was good with percentage above average(64%), the
study revealed that respondents’
practice of physical activity was above average (52.53%). Analysis also showed
that there was no stipulated workplace health promotion across the selected
banks (37.2%). It was gathered that respondents knowledge of sedentary
lifestyle was significantly related to their practice of it (R2 = 0.121;
F = 17.697; P < 0.05), Test result
showed that there was a significant association between availability of
workplace health promotion and the practice of sedentary lifestyle among
respondents (F = 6.542, R Square = 0.048; P
< 0.05).
The study concluded that knowledge of
bankers on sedentary lifestyle as a risk factor to hypertension was below
average indicating that bankers do not have enough knowledge linking sedentary
lifestyle to hypertension and there are no workplace health promotion and this
is indicating that a reduction in sedentary lifestyle among bankers calls for
an establishment of workplace health promotion.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
Globally, hypertension is the third
leading risk factor contributing to mortality and morbidity rate, and this is
over powered only by malnutrition and smoking.The African continent is
undergoing a double burden of disease, with Hypertension among the leading
cause of non- communicable disease (WHO, 2012). The African region has the
highest prevalence rate of hypertension with the estimate of 46% (WHO, 2013).
Hypertension is said to be responsible for 45% of death due to heart disease
and 51% of death due to stroke worldwide, and billions of people being affected
globally (Addo, Smeeth & Leon, 2007; Kearney, Whelton, Reynolds, Muntner &
Whelton, 2004; WHO, 2013). In Nigeria,
Hypertension is the most common cardiovascular disease reported, with the death
rate of 13.62% per 100,000 population as at 2014 (Ogah, Madukwe, Chukwuonyi,
Onyeonoro, Ukegbe &Akhimien, 2013; WHO 2014).
Sedentary lifestyle is one of the major
risk factors of hypertension (Henson, Yates, Biddle, Edwardson & Khunti,
2013). Thus sedentary lifestyle can be seen as a social problem that requires
attention. Jobs that require mostly sitting is high and occupations have become
more sedentary and less physically active over the past few decades (Chau, van
der Ploeg, Merom, Chey & Bauman, 2012; Vhurch, Thomas, Tudor-Locke,
Katzmarzyk, Earnest, Rodarte et al., 2011).
The occupations that are most at risk of prolonged sitting include office work,
transportation, white collar jobs and highly mechanized trades (Owen, Healy, Mathew & Dunstan, 2010). Bankers in
the banking halls spend almost all day sitting, which include their customer service, cashiers,
office assistance, and other members of staff (Jogunola & Awoyemi, 2010),
people in these occupations typically spend a great deal of the working day
sitting down. In a normal 16-hour day, it’s easily possible to spend over 80%
of the time seated.
The increase in physical inactivity
worldwide is considered by World Health Organization (WHO) to be an epidemic in
both the developing and developed countries, with physical inactivity estimated
to account for 6% of global deaths (WHO, 2009).
The WHO’s 2004 Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health
highlights the workplace as an important setting for health promotion stating
that "Workplaces are
important settings forhealth promotion and disease prevention...” Also,
was the WHO’s Global Plan of Action on Worker’s Health 2008-2017, which
specified that "Health promotion
and prevention of non-communicable diseases should be further stimulated in the
workplace, in particular by advocating healthy diet and physical activity among
workers …". Promoting
health in the workplace increases the chances of health and well-being focused
on promoting worker health through reduction of individual risk-related
behaviors such as a sedentary lifestyle (LeMontagne, 2004; Marshall, 2004;
O’Donnell, 2002).
Only 9% of public
sector bankers perform gym activity regularly (Naqvi, Zehra & Nizami,
2013). Evidence shows that sedentary
behavior is associated with greater waist-to-hip ratio, increased risk of low
back pain, cancer, metabolic syndrome and all-cause and CVD mortality, cardiac
complications, increased risk for certain cancers, early mortality, type2
diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and mortality (Proper, 2011; Roffey, 2010;
Schmid & Leitzmann, 2014; Sisson, 2009; Thorp, Owen, Neuhaus & Dunstan,
2011; Wilmot, Edwardson, Achana, Davies, Gorely, Gray et al.,2012; Van Uffelen,
2010). There is a 15% increased risk of death in the next three years if you
sit for 8-11 hours per day, when compared to those who sit for less than four
hours per day. This risk increases to 40% for those who sit for greater than 11
hours per day (Parry & Straker, 2013; Smith, Hamer, Ucci, Marmot, Gardner,
Sawyer et al.,2015; Van der Ploeg, Chey, Korda, Banks & Bauman, 2012).
With this in mind,
sedentary behaviour is now being considered as a potential work health and
safety issue (Straker, Coenen, Dunstan, Gilson & Healy, 2016) It has been
established that 150 minutes of at least moderate intensity aerobic physical
activity throughout the week to reduce the risk of chronic disease, albeit even
when individuals engage in 150 min per week of physical activity, studies
suggest that what happens in the remaining approximately 6500 minutes of the
waking week is important for health (WHO, 2010). The longer the time spent
sitting down each day, the higher the risk of dying prematurely, even if
regular daily exercise is performed showing that the increase risk of mortality
from time spent sitting appears to be independent
of physical activity level (Hamilton, Genevieve, Dunstat, Zderic &
Owen, 2008; Patel, 2010).
1.2 Statement of the Problem
It has been revealed that 30 minutes of
physical activity or 10,000 steps per day produces significant clinical health
benefits to an individual’s health, however, those in sedentary occupations are
more likely to not meet the minimum requirements to experience the health
benefits associated with physical activity (Le Masurier, Sidman, & Corbin,
2003) predisposing them to developing hypertension or other diseases due to
sedentary lifestyle. It has been established that there is a high prevalence of
sedentary lifestyle among bankers (Jogunola & Awoyemi, 2010) putting them
at high level of susceptibility to hypertension and other cardiovascular
diseases established to be as a result of sedentary lifestyle and most
especially prolonged sitting (Proper, 2011; Roffey, 2010; Sisson, 2009; Thorp et
al., 2011; Wilmot et al., 2012; Van Uffelen, 2010).
However, there are no documented efforts at reducing these behaviors among the
bankers. Workplace Health Promotion has over been under explored especially in
combating sedentary lifestyle and promoting physical activities. From
literature reviewed, it is evident that there are no studies that have
comprehensively assessed the knowledge, attitude and perception of bankers to
sedentary lifestyle and the availability of workplace health promotion
promoting physical activities in Nigerian banks.
1.3 Objective of the Study
The main objective for the study was to
assess Banker’s knowledge, attitude and perception on sedentary lifestyle as a
predisposing factor to hypertension together with availability of workplace
health promotion towards combating hypertension susceptibly among bankers in
Mushin local government area of Lagos State.The specific objectives are to:
1.
determine the knowledge of Respondents
on sedentary lifestyle as a risk factor to hypertension;
2.
assess the attitudinal disposition of
Respondents towards sedentary lifestyle as a risk factor to hypertension;
3.
identify perception of respondents
towards sedentary lifestyle as a risk factor to hypertension;
4.
enumerate the practice of sedentary
lifestyle among respondents and
5.
ascertain the availability of workplace
health promotion to reduce sedentary lifestyle in Bank.
1.4 Research Questions
1.
At what level is the knowledge of
Respondents on sedentary lifestyle as a risk factor to hypertension?
2.
What is the attitudinal disposition of
Respondents towards sedentary lifestyle as a risk factor to hypertension?
3.
What is the level of perception of
respondents towards sedentary lifestyle as a risk factor to hypertension?
4.
At what level is the practice of
sedentary lifestyle among respondents?
5.
Is there available workplace health
promotion to reduce sedentary lifestyle in Bank?
1.5 Justification for the Study
Evidences have shown that office
workers, most especially bankers, are at high risk of not only hypertension but
also a number of cardiovascular diseases, reducing their life expectancy, this
is due to their practice of sedentary lifestyle, prolonged siting to be
specific. This community of people however can be less susceptible with
improved health promotion practice which hasn’t been documented to be present
in the Banking environment.
In light of this, it is important that
this study be carried out to assess the knowledge, attitude and perception with
regards to prevention of hypertension and also availability of workplace health
promotion in the banking environment as an enabling factor to reduction of
sedentary lifestyle among the selected population. This will give the needed
foundation for intervention towards improving physical activities in Banks and
also give a theoretically grounded evidence for further studies its will also
bring about policies that will improve workplace health promotion and increase
health literacy among bankers.
1.6 Hypotheses
H1: There is a significant relationship
between the knowledge on sedentary
lifestyle as risk factor to
hypertension and the practice of sedentary lifestyle among respondents.
H2: There is a significant relationship
between the attitude towards sedentary
lifestyle as risk factor to
hypertension and the practice of sedentary lifestyle among respondents.
H3: There is a significant relationship
between the perception on sedentary
Lifestyle as risk factor to
hypertension and the practice of sedentary lifestyle among respondents.
H4: There is a significant association
between availability of workplace health
Promotion and the practice of sedentary lifestyle
among respondents.
1.7 Operational Definition of Terms
1.
Sedentarty
life-style; it is a process in which one is inactive,
motionless, sluggish or just sitting in a particular place for a long period of
time.
2.
Cardiovascular:
anything relating to the circulatory system that is the heart and the blood
vessels.
3.
HRQL:
health related quality of life.
4.
CDC:
center for disease control.
5.
Modification:
the action of modifying something that is making changes on anything.
6.
Rehabilitation:
it is a treatment or treatments designed to facilitate the process of recovery
from injury, illness, or disease to as normal condition as possible.
7.
Perception:
the interpretation we give to information that get into our system or the way
in which something is understood.
8.
Predisposing:
to make someone liable or inclined to a specific attitude, action or condition.
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Item Type: Postgraduate Material | Attribute: 73 pages | Chapters: 1-5
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