ABSTRACT
A Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a
network consisting of a set of mobile nodes capable of communicating with each
other without base station. For Quality of Service (QoS) to be maintained,
MANET must run consistently without power interruption. Also, the wireless
network situation of MANET had made the QoS unpredictability less guaranteed
and highly susceptible to errors.
MANETs are wireless networks that run
usually on battery power. The power supplied by the battery is limited and
tends to run out after a period of time. This poses a serious challenge for the
nodes in MANETs. One major characteristic of the node is availability i.e., it
should always be to receive and transmit communication to other nodes. If a
node goes down, communication breaks down and the communication is disrupted.
The availability of the nodes has an overall impact on the Quality of Service
(QoS) that MANETs give. Once the nodes are not available when they are needed
or if a node goes down while a communication is going on, thereby affecting the
communication, the MANET is said to be unreliable, unpredictable and the QoS is
said to be low tries to resolve the power challenge faced when using MANETs.
The QoS of MANETs can only improve if the networks are working at their optimal
capacity. This research would also cover current solutions for fixing the power
problem and their effectiveness and also parts they are failing to address.
This research work proposed an energy
efficient QoS enhancement scheme for mobile ad hoc network. The algorithm is
inspired by particle swamp optimization technique with heuristic algorithm. QoS
parameters that have been taken into consideration are throughput, delay,
packet loss, and bandwidth utilisation.OPNET simulator has been used to
evaluate the proposed concept.
Simulation results show that the packet
increases from 20 to 1500 and the vehicular speed increases from 330v/h to
1300v/h. Hence, this result produces better result than the existing schemes.
The study concluded that three agents, namely
message selection agent, message forwarding agent, and QoS factor calculating
agent, have been introduced to govern and optimise the whole message
transmission scheme. Through this method, a significant improvement in QoS
factor can be achieved in comparison with the existing schemes.
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
Title
Page
Abstract
Table
of Contents
List
of Table
List
of Figures
Abbreviations
CHAPTER
ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
1.2 Statement of the Problem
1.3 Objective of the Study
1.4 Motivation
1.5 Research Question
1.6 Significance of the Study
1.7 Scope of the Study
1.8
Operational Definition of Terms
CHAPTER
TWO: REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.0 Introduction
2.1 Generalities and Challenges in Adhoc
Network
2.2 Applications of Adhoc Network
2.2.1 Data Communication in Adhoc network
2.2.2 Routing in Adhoc Network
2.2.2.1
Table Driven Protocol
2.2.2.2
On Demand Routing Protocol
2.2.2.3
Hybrid or Mixed Routing Protocol
2.2.2.4 Unicast Routing Protocols
2.2.2.5 Multicast Routing Protocols
2.3 Challenges in Adhoc Network
2.4 Connection Stability in Wireless
Adhoc Network
2.5 Quality of Service
2.5.1 Quality of Service in MANET
2.5.2 Factors influencing Quality of Service
of Wireless Network
2.5.3 Quality of Service Routing
2.6 Major Challenges in MANET
2.7 Insect Societies to Network Protocols
2.8 Swarm Intelligence
2.9 Energy Efficiency in MANET
2.10 Application of MANET
2.11 Protocol Techniques for MANET
2.11.1 Routing Protocols for Mobile Adhoc Network
2.12 Various Techniques at different levels
2.12.1 Techniques employed in Power Reduction at
the Physical Layer
2.12.2 Techniques at the Link Layer
2.12.3 Techniques at the Transport Layer
2.12.4 Techniques employed at the Medium Access
Control Layer
2.12.5 Techniques applied at the Network Layer
2.12.6 Techniques at the Middleware and
Application Layers
2.12.7 Other Approaches
2.13 Review of Works
CHAPTER THREE:
METHODOLOGY
3.0 Overview
3.1 Determination of Power Consumption
Modes
3.2 Simulation Approach for Energy
Conservation in MANET
3.3 Development of Routing Algorithm
3.4 Development of Hybrid Routing
Protocol
3.4.2 Adaptive PSO
3.4.3 Pseudocode of distributed PSO (DPSO)
3.4.5 Implementation with Heuristics Algorithm
3.4.6 Proposed Algorithm
3.4.7 Improved Swarm Optimization Algorithm
3.4.8 Stochastic Contriction Swarm
Optimization Algorithm
3.5 Evaluation based on Performance
Metric
CHAPTER FOUR:
DATA ANALYSIS, RESULTS AND
DISCUSSION OF
FINDINGS
4.1 Data Analysis
4.2 Simulation Environment
4.3 Simulation Setup
4.4 Result Presentation for the Routing
Protocols
4.5 Result Analysis for Highest Degree Heuristic
Algorithm
CHAPTER
FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendations
References
Appendices
CHAPTER
ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
The Mobile Adhoc Network (MANET) is a new network type which
caters for the needs of the changing networking needs. It is the adhoc network
of mobile devices. It is infrastructure less. Such networks may operate
themselves or may be connected to the larger internet. Each device in MANET is
free to move in any direction. The devices are being equipped with a router and
must thus be in a position to transfer data whenever essential. The connection
is, of course, wireless and the network may also be with limited range like LAN
instead of connecting to the internet. The protocols to be used in MANET may
differ, depending upon the capabilities of the devices, packet drop rate and
other factors. There are various types of mobile adhoc networks depending on
the location of these devices and the way in which they are used. Some of the popular
types are (Attia, 2015):
VANET (Vehicular Ad hoc Network): This is when the devices
are used to communicate between vehicles. It may also be used for communication
between vehicles and roadside equipment. It can be used to transfer between
newly web enabled devices on the road. IMANET: stands for internet based MANET.
These are mobile ad hoc networks which link to the gateway device for the
internet.
Energy-efficient broadcasting has been an attractive area of
research in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) characterized by high mobility and
limited battery capacity. Probabilistic and counter-based broadcast methods are
the proposed solutions suitable for high-mobility and secure MANET where the
knowledge of the updated global/local topology is difficult or impossible to
obtain.
In literature(Attia, 2016) several probabilistic and
deterministic MANET broadcasting methods have been proposed:
1) Probabilistic methods do not require explicit neighbour
information and comprise probability-based flooding, counter-based flooding,
and area-based flooding. Probability-based flooding is similar to simple
flooding except that nodes rebroadcast messages with probability p. Counter-based
flooding exploits the fact that node local density is directed proportional to
the number of received packets within a given interval. During a waiting delay,
a node counts the number of times it receives the same message and then it
decides if the message should be rebroadcasted. In area based flooding, each
node selects its farther neighbour to retransmit broadcast messages. These
kinds of methods are generally efficient but require the knowledge of the
neighbour positions.
2) In deterministic methods, topological knowledge is
obtained by periodically exchanging control messages among node's neighbours.
This approach and the type of exchanged information are generally
scenario-dependent. Examples are clustering methods where nodes are grouped
into small clusters each one managed by a particular node called cluster-head
which has the task of retransmitting broadcast messages, geographic methods
where forwarding decisions exploit the availability of accurate topological
information such as distance, speed and direction of the neighbours,
self-pruning methods where nodes use the history of encountered nodes before
delivering messages.
MANET routing protocols based on the measure of the relative
importance of a node within its cluster, named Network Centrality (NC), have
been recently proposed in the literature. Although several works have explored
the capacity of a node to receive and diffuse information based on different NC
definition (e.g., degree, closeness, betweenness, and Eigenvector Centrality),
they require complete knowledge of the network topology thus limiting the
applicability of these protocols to fixed networks or to scenarios where the
instant topology should be computed in a centralized fashion (Bai,
2003).
A mobile ad hoc network
(MANET) is a self-configuring self-organizing network that does not require any
infrastructure (Belding-Royer, 2012). Wireless nodes relay packets
across the network making data transfer possible with other nodes. Quality of
Service (QoS) is crucial in running a MANET. The Medium of Access Control (MAC)
is an imperative condition for QoS provision. It is difficult to guarantee QoS
in a MANET as it is a wireless network and like all other wireless networks, it
is very unpredictable and highly susceptible to errors (Camp, 2011).
Despite all this, it is possible to improve the QoS of a MANET through various
techniques.
MANETs were initially created for
disaster, emergencies and military use. But applications of MANETs for
commercial ventures such as teleconferencing, home networking, embedded
computing, electronic classrooms and so on are viable. Because the nodes used
are mobile and there is no infrastructure used, power consumption is a major
setback for MANETs. The main source of power for MANETs is battery power. The
routing protocols in the network determine how much power will be consumed.
Sending traffic in MANETs through the shortest path that uses minimum
transmission energy and the nodes used have low residual power would maximize
lifetimes of MANETs (Delgado, 2012).
Wireless Ad hoc network
has no routers. Each node act as an intermediate node for other node and
intermediate node forwards data towards destination node. An intermediate node
is also a sender for other nodes and acts as a router in the network. For this
network to run smoothly, an uninterrupted power supply needs to be available at
all times. This is particularly difficult to maintain at any given time as
power interruptions and outages never ceases. MANETS work through a
transmission signal where source nodes connect to other nodes in the network.
Power transmissions affect how long it will take for one node to sense and
connect with another. Power transmission needs to be steady otherwise the
signal strength will weaken and the range of transmission will decline (Farkas,
2016).
This will in turn make users question or degrade the reliability of MANETs.
Solving the power challenge is, therefore, paramount if we are to guarantee the
QoS of MANETs.
Quality of Service(QoS) is
crucial in running a MANET. The medium of access control (MAC) is an imperative
condition for QoS provision. It is difficult to guarantee QoS in a MANET as it
is a wireless network and like all other wireless networks, it is very
unpredictable and highly susceptible to errors (Gerharz,
2013).
Despite all this it is possible to improve the QoS of a MANET through various
techniques.Solving the power challenge will not only make MANETs more reliable
but will also improve the QoS in them. Improve power will mean better
transmission in the network thus improving communication between nodes.
Conserving power is crucial for the nodes due to the limited sources of energy
for MANETs. Since battery power is what is used in MANETs, different levels of
energy can disrupt communication activities thus reducing the efficiency of the
network. Since the nodes do not work with a central station, depending on the
activity taking place, each node may act as a router or host thus demanding
more energy consumption (Han, 2010).
Wireless network can be
deployed either in infrastructure mode or in Ad hoc mode. In an Infrastructure
mode, mobile stations communicate with each other with the help of Base Station
or Access Point (AP). It is similar to star topology of wired network. This
Access Point makes communication easier between the nodes. In an Ad hoc mode
there is no access point or base station that helps in communication between
nodes. All nodes in wireless Ad hoc network directly communicate with each
other in peer-to-peer fashion. The topology of wireless Ad hoc network is
dynamic in nature therefore routes are changed frequently (Hong, 2009). Nodes in
MANETs consume energy the power saving techniques in use are conserving power
at mobile node, conserving power by use of power management technique,
minimized power aware routing protocol and by controlling transmission power (Hong,
2014).
1.2 Statement
of the Problem
A mobile ad hoc network
is a network consisting of set of mobiles node capable of communicating with
each other without base station. For Quality of Service (QoS) to
be maintained, MANET must run consistently without power interruption. Also,
the wireless network situation of MANET had made the QoS unpredictability less
guaranteed and highly susceptible to errors.
Insufficient
amount of power available to the nodes of the MANET makes it to be unreliable
as it drain the routing models in the network medium. The major factors, which
affect the data transmission of an Ad hoc network, are battery power,
bandwidth, delay, speed, type of data and cost. The data transfer rates in a
wireless Ad hoc network are not static but are dynamic. The availability of
these resources at any node, either during data transmission or forwarding of
data to other node is not certain. The resources available at any node are in
scarce. Battery power is one of the major factors in a wireless Ad hoc network.
A node can transmit data to a longer distance only if it has sufficient battery
power. Area covered by a node in an Ad hoc network plays an important role
during data transmission. Power constraints are constraints in a wireless
network arise due to battery powered nodes which cannot be recharged on line.
This becomes a bigger issue in mobile ad hoc networks as each node is acting as
both an end system and a router at the same time, and for the purpose,
additional energy is required to forward packets.
1.3 Objective
of the Study
The main
objective of this study is to conserve the battery life of mobile
nodes by implementing one of the energy efficient techniques with the existing
efficient routing protocols to increase life time of network and reduces network
failure and energy. The specific objectives are:
1. propose a new enhanced energy efficient routing
protocol which is power aware and efficient for MANETs;
2. compare the newly proposed protocol with a hybrid
routing protocol (Swamp optimization techniques) and highest degree Heuristic
Algorithm to improve power efficiency
and
3. Implement
the developed algorithms in MATLAB environment.
1.4 Motivation
Without power, any mobile device will become
useless. Battery power is a limited resource, and it is expected that battery
technology is not likely to progress as fast as computing and communication
technologies do. Hence, how to lengthen the lifetime of batteries is an
important issue, especially for MANET, which is all supported by batteries.
1.5 Research Questions
How can a new enhanced
energy efficient routing protocol that is power aware
and efficient for MANETs
be implemented?
How can the new protocol be
compared with a hybrid protocol?
How can the developed
algorithm be implemented?
1.6 Significance of the Study
The study is
significant as it tries to resolve the power challenge faced when using MANETs.
The QoS of MANETs can only improve if the networks are working at their optimal
capacity. This research would also cover current solutions for fixing the power
problem and their effectiveness and also parts they are failing to address.
The scope is on QoS of MANETs and how power challenges can be solved. It would cover the effects the power disruptions have on QoS of MANETs. It would also consider already existing solutions to the challenge including the pros and cons of these solutions. It covers how the different types of MANETs and how each is affected by power shortages and gives a comparison as to which type is most affected and which is least affected. It could cover possible improvements that can be made to MANETs to try improving their functionality in relation to being able to detect other nodes even on weak signals. It would also cover duration it takes to fix power disruptions and whether this duration can be minimized without compromising the rectifications being done. Artificial Bee Colony Optimisation (ABCO) technique would be used. In this proposed scheme, QoS parameters that have been taken into consideration are throughput, delay, packet loss, and bandwidth utilisation. Here, three agents, namely message selection agent, message forwarding agent, and QoS factor calculating agent, have been introduced to govern and optimise the whole message transmission scheme. Through this method, a significant improvement in QoS factor can be achieved in comparison with the existing schemes. OPNET simulator has been used to evaluate the proposed concept.
1.8 Operational Definition of Terms
Artificial
Bee Colony Optimization: An optimization
algorithm in computer science and engineering based on the intelligent foraging
behavior of honey bee swarm.
Mobile
Ad Hoc Network (MANET): A
wireless, dynamic, autonomous, infrastructure-less network of heterogeneous
mobile hosts.
Network
Topology: The
physical arrangement of the hosts in the network.
QoS
Metrics: Used
to quantitatively measure the quality of service of a network and the network
services that are often considered are error rates, bandwidth, throughput,
transmission delay, availability, jitter, etc.
Quality
of Service (QoS): Of a
computer network is the overall performance of the network, especially in terms
of the users’ perspective.
OPNET: A paid network simulator by Scalable Network Technologies
used to simulate both wired and wireless networks.
Routing: The process of selecting optimum paths in the network.
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