ABSTRACT
Chronic
kidney disease is a predominant and possibly rising disease across sub-Saharan
Africa with threats that comprises both communicable and non-communicable
diseases. About 20 per cent of deaths in Nigerian Hospitals are linked to
kidney disease. Approximately about 50 per cent of patients do not recognize
the origin of their kidney disease, because it was reported late in the
hospital for treatment. The burden of CKD, in terms of human suffering and
financial costs, is blowing up as we move through the years of the 21st
century, making it a major public health concern. The general objective was to
assess the awareness, attitude and perception of Ilishan-Remo community members
on chronic kidney disease.
This
research was a cross-sectional survey which was carried out among 407 members
of Ilishan remo community, Ogun state,
Nigeria. A semi-structured instrument (questionnaire) was used for data
collection. The instrument had various sections based on the conceptual
framework used for the study. Data collected were analyzed using Statistical
Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 21 with levels of significance set at
0.05.
There were 204 (50.1%) male and 203
(49.8%) female participants with a mean age of 29.14 ± 12.97. Overall, level of
awareness of respondents on chronic kidney disease was given at 3.54 ± 1.39
(50.57%) indicating an average level which is deemed not enough. Overall,
respondents’ attitude to chronic disease was good at 58.13% (8.72 ± 2.79).
Overall perceived susceptibility of respondents to chronic kidney disease was
determined to be low (8.64 ± 3.56) at 48% indicating respondents do not see
themselves at risk of getting chronic kidney disease. Overall, respondents’
perceived severity of chronic kidney disease was good at 67.07% (10.06 ± 3.10).
Overall perceived susceptibility of respondents to chronic kidney disease was
determined to be low (8.64 ± 3.56) at 48% indicating respondents do not see
themselves at risk of getting chronic kidney disease Overall perceived benefit
of adopting chronic kidney disease-risk reduction lifestyle by respondents was
good at 63.24% (13.28 ± 3.18), Overall, respondents’ perceived barrier to
adopting chronic kidney disease-risk reduction lifestyle was given at above
average at 55.58% (6.67 ± 2.76) indicating that difficulty in accessing care
was not as pronounced, however, there is room for improvement.
Findings from this study indicated that
awareness level of respondents on chronic kidney disease was average, Findings
also suggested that attitude of respondents towards chronic was fairly
positive. Also, it was found that respondents’ perceived susceptibility was
low. In summary, this study showed that intervention towards increasing
awareness needs to be focused more; relevant bodies need to
organize and design an awareness program on chronic kidney disease, using all
forms of media aimed at individuals with low education as findings from the
study showed that individuals with lower education had low level of awareness.
CHAPTER
ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background to the
Study
In
most developed countries, chronic diseases like diabetes and hypertension are
presenting high rate of prevalence, posing significant burdens on those who are
diagnosed, and making increase in the costs of healthcare systems. Chronic
kidney disease is said to be exhibiting similar trends as diabetes and
hypertension, though it is not well known like diabetes and hypertension
(Arogundade & Barsoum, 2008). Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a permanent
and progressive damage of kidney function, which results in the weakening and
worsening of renal function or end-stage renal disease (ESRD). ESRD represents
the end of the continuum of CKD. It is an overwhelming medical, social and
economic problem for the patients, their families, and the country as a whole
(Olugbenga, Ayodele, & Olutayo, 2010). No fewer than 24 million Nigerians
are suffering from Chronic Kidney Disease which represents 14.2 per cent of the
populace; also one in every seven individual in Nigeria has a degree of Chronic
Kidney Disease or the other (Effa, 2016). About 20 per cent of deaths in
Nigerian Hospitals are linked to kidney disease. Approximately about 50 per
cent of patients do not recognize the origin of their kidney disease for the
reason that it was reported late in the hospital for treatment (Oluseyi,
Ayodeji, Enajite, Oladimeji & Ifedayo, 2016). The increase in the
prevalence of CKD in developed and developing countries has occasioned a
transformed interest in global CKD prevention because it is now considered a
threat (Arogundade & Barsoum, 2008).
It is vital to identify and detect the disease early, though, for
developing countries, if detected early is very important to deter mortality,
because the bulk of the victims cannot afford the charges of management and
treatment at the last stage of the disease.
Kidney
disease can occur at any age and can affect any races and studies have revealed
that African, Americans, Hispanics, American Indians and those from South Asian
origin (those from India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka or Pakistan) are at a greater
risk of coming down with CKD. This threat is owed to high rates of diabetes and
high blood pressure in these populations (Couser, Remuzzi, Mendis, &
Tonelli, 2011). blood test and urine test are adequate to detect CKD and if
still at early stage, low cost management and treatments can slow the
development of the disease, decrease the possibility of heart attacks and
strokes and thereafter improving the quality of life (World Kidney Day: Chronic
Kidney Disease; 2015)
Significantly
CKD has a strong influence on morbidity and fatal outcomes. Chronic kidney
disease was ranked 27th in the list of causes of total number of
deaths worldwide in 1990, but later rose to 18th in 2010 according
to the global burden of disease study. (Jha, Garcia-Garcia, & Iseki, 2013).
But among over 300 sources accounted for in the global burden of disease,
contemporary study reveals that CKD is the 15th and 20th prominent cause of
years lived with disability (Global Burden of Disease Study; 2013), and
disability-adjusted life years (Murray, Barber, & Foreman, 2013).
1.2
Statement of the
Problem
CKD
is a predominant and possibly rising disease across sub-Saharan Africa with
threats that comprises both communicable and non-communicable diseases. African countries extremely depend on
external resources for health care financing (12% compared to global average of
0.4%) (John, Bocheng, Scott, & Nicole, 2014). Most of this is still
dedicated to specific diseases such as malaria, HIV and TB. CKD and other
Non-Communicable disease not on the radar.
Communicable diseases continues to be the principal cause of death in
Africa but behavioral diseases like chronic kidney and heart diseases are
becoming more prominent (Guest & Peter, 2015). Health complications or
circumstances turn out to be public health concerns when four criteria are met
(Levey,
Atkins, & Coresh, 2007).
First, if the burden of the disease is high (i.e., many people are affected,
and then it has been on the increase lately, and possibly will escalate in the
future). This burden is proven in terms of mortality, morbidity, quality of
life, and cost and also poses as a risk by the public. Secondly, the problem is
spread unfairly (i.e. it affects mainly minorities and disadvantaged persons to
a larger degree). Third, there is indication that protective approaches, that
target economic, political, and environmental features that affect a populace's
health could considerably diminish the burden of the condition; and fourth,
evidence shows that such protective approach do not yet exist (Couser, Remuzzi,
Mendis, & Tonelli, 2011). Not less than 24 million Nigerians are suffering
from Chronic Kidney Disease which symbolizes 14.2 per cent of the populace;
also one in every seven individuals in Nigeria has one degree of Chronic Kidney
Disease or the other (Effa, 2016). About
20 per cent of deaths in Nigerian Hospitals are initiated by kidney disease.
Almost about 50 per cent of patients do not know the cause of their kidney
disease because it was informed late in the hospital for treatment (Ulasi,&
Ijoma 2010). Also CKD is the 15th and 20th prominent cause of years lived with
disability (Global Burden of Disease Study, 2013), and disability-adjusted life
years (Murray, Barber, & Foreman, 2013). Moving through the years of the era
of the 21st century, the burden of CKD, in association with the
suffering and financial implications, is becoming alarming thereby making it a
major public health concern. It is preventable and the inception can be
deferred as well as slow down its progression. Regrettably, the application of
this knowledge, which can drastically reduce the weight and menace of CKD, is
inadequate and unsatisfactory. Efficiently addressing this major health issue
will require a broad public health approach (Couser, Remuzzi, Mendis, &
Tonelli, 2011). Hence the research work sought to propose practical solutions
to the gap in awareness and perception of Ilishan Remo community members on
chronic kidney disease.
1.3
Objectives of the
Study
The
general objective of this study is to assess the awareness, attitude and
perception of Ilishan-Remo community members on chronic kidney disease. The
specific objectives are to:
1.
Assess the level of awareness of Ilishan Remo community members on chronic kidney disease.
2.
Determine the attitude of Ilishan Remo community members on chronic kidney disease.
3.
Identify the perception of Ilishan Remo community members on chronic kidney disease.
1.4
Research Questions
- What
is the level of awareness among Ilishan-Remo community members on chronic
kidney disease?
- What
is the level of attitude among Ilishan-Remo community members on chronic
kidney disease?
- What is the level of perception of chronic kidney disease among Ilishan-Remo community members?
1.5 Justification for the Study
Communicable
diseases continue to remain the prime cause of death in Africa but behavioral
diseases like chronic kidney and heart diseases are becoming more prominent.Not
less than 24 million Nigerians are suffering from Chronic Kidney Disease which
symbolizes 14.2 per cent of the populace; also one in every seven individuals
in Nigeria has one degree of Chronic Kidney Disease or the other (Effa,
2016). About 20 per cent of deaths in
Nigerian Hospitals are initiated by kidney disease. Almost about 50 per cent of
patients do not know the cause of their kidney disease because it was informed
late in the hospital for treatment (Oluseyi, Ayodeji, Enajite, Oladimeji &
Ifedayo, 2016). This study uncovered the awareness and perception of Ilishan
Remo community members on chronic kidney disease and its management, which may
provide valuable information that will together with the community’s inputs
help to improve applicable and operative health education approaches to
increase community awareness and perception of chronic kidney disease in order
to prevent or limit the progression and better manage kidney dysfunction in
future.
1.6
Hypotheses
- H1: There
is a significant relationship between socio-demographic factors and
awareness of Ilishan Remo community members on chronic kidney disease.
- H2: There is a significant
relationship between the socio-demographic factors and the attitude of
Ilishan Remo Community members on chronic kidney disease.
- H3: There is a significant
relationship between the socio-demographic factors and the perception of
Ilishan Remo Community members on chronic kidney disease.
- H4: There is a significant
relationship between the awareness and the attitude o of
Ilishan Remo community members on chronic kidney disease.
- H5: There is a significant relationship
between awareness and the perception of Ilishan Remo Community members on
chronic kidney disease.
- H6:There is a significant relationship
between attitude and perception of Ilishan remo community members on
chronic kidney disease.
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