ABSTRACT
The use of Artificial Intelligence in medical
diagnosis is becoming increasingly common and has been used widely in the
diagnosis of cancers, tumors, diabetes, hepatitis, lung diseases, etc. There is
a growing interest in the use of computer-based Clinical Decision Support
Systems (CDSSs) to reduce medical errors and to increase health care quality
and efficiency. Diabetes Neuropathy is a chronic health problem with
devastating, yet preventable consequences.Due to this shortage of specialists,
there is a need for a Clinical Decision Support System that will diagnose and
manage diabetes neuropathy.This work therefore aimed at designing a web-based
Clinical Decision Support System for the management of early diabetes
neuropathy.
Four pattern classification algorithms (K-nearest
neighbor, Decision Tree, Decision Stump and Rule Induction) were adopted in
this study and were evaluated to choose the most precise algorithm to be
employed in the developed clinical decision support system. The evaluation was
carried out on appropriate dataset that was obtained from Babcock University
Teaching Hospital and the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital. The
following benchmarks were used in comparing the generated models: performance,
accuracy level, precision, confusion matrices and the models building’s speed.
From the models comparison, the study showed that Naïve Bayes outperformed all other classifiers with accuracy being
60.50%. k-nearest neighbor, Decision Tree, Decision Stump and Rule induction
perform well with the lowest accuracy for x- cross validation being 36.50%.
Decision Tree falls behind in accuracy, while k-nearest neighbour and Decision
Stump maintain accuracy at equilibrium 41.00%. Therefore, Naïve Bayes is
adopted as optimal algorithm in the domain of this study. The rules generated
from the optimal algorithm (Naïve Bayes) forms the back-end engine of the
Clinical Decision Support System.The web-based clinical decision support system
was then designed using Adobe Creative Suite 6 as its integrated development
environment in which all the web language codes was executed, PhpMyAdmin as the
server side scripting language, and MySQL as the database server.
In conclusion, the automatic diagnosis of diabetes
neuropathy is an important real-world medical problem. Detection of diabetes
neuropathy in its early stages is a key for controlling and managing patients
early before the disabling effect present. Thissystem can be used to assist
medical programs especially ingeographically remote areas where experthuman
diagnosis not possible with an advantage of minimal expenses and faster
results. For further studies, researchers can improve on the proposed clinical
decision support system by employing more than one efficient algorithm to
develop a hybrid system.
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
Title Page
Abstract
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
CHAPTER
ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background to the Study
1.2. Statement of the Problem
1.3. Objective of the Study
1.4. Methodology
1.5. Scope of the Study
1.6. Significance of Study
1.7. Organization of the Subsequent
Chapters
CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.0. Introduction
2.1. Clinical Decision-Making
2.1.1. Clinical Decision Analysis (Problem Solving)
2.1.2. Structure of Clinical Decision Support
Systems
2.1.3. Elements of CDSS Design and Function
2.1.4. CDSS Knowledge Axes
2.1.5. CDSS Decision support Axes
2.1.6. CDSS Information Delivery Axes
2.1.7. CDSS Model
2.1.8. CDSS Knowledge Representation
2.1.9. Knowledge Engineer
2.1.10. CDSS Knowledge Acquisition
2.1.11. CDSS User Interface
2.2. Overview of Diabetes Neuropathy
2.2.1. Causes of Diabetes Neuropathy
2.2.2. Symptoms of Diabetes Neuropathy
2.2.3. Classification of Diabetes Neuropathy
2.2.4. Diagnosis of Diabetes Neuropathy
2.2.5. Early Detection of Diabetes Neuropathy
2.3. Review of Closely Related Works
2.3.1. A Novel Analysis of Diabetes Mellitus by
Using Expert System
Based
on Brain Derived Neurotropic Factor (BDNF) Levels
2.3.2. Web Based Intelligent Decision Support System
for Type 2
Diabetes
Patients
2.3.3. An Expert System for Diabetes Diagnosis using
VP_Expert Shell
2.3.4. Web Based Medical Diagnosis System Using
ANN-ARM
For
Diabetes Mellitus
2.3.5. Expert System for Diagnosis and treatment of
Diabetes
2.3.6. Design of a Diabetic Diagnosis Expert System
Using Rough Sets
2.3.7. Mycin
2.3.8. Gideion
2.3.9. An Expert System for Diagnosing Diseases and
Prescribing
Medication
Using Visual Basic.Net (Autodoc)
2.3.10. Computerized clinical decision support systems
for chronic disease
management:
A decision-maker-researcher partnership systematic review
2.3.11. Clinical Decision Support System for Diabetes
Disease Diagnosis using
fuzzy logic
2.4. The limitations of related works reviewed
2.5. Pattern Classification
2.5.1. Approach to Pattern Classification
2.6. Classification Algorithms
2.6.1 Types of Classification Algorithms
2.7. K-nearest Neighbors (KNN)
2.8. Decision Tree Algorithm (DTA)
2.9. Decision Stump (DS)
2.10. Rule Induction (RI)
CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY
3.0. Introduction
3.1. Design a Web-based Clinical Decision
Support System to Diagnose
and Manage Diabetes Neuropathy
3.2. Research Tools
3.2.1. Wamp Package
3.2.2. Adobe Dreamweaver Creative Suite 6
3.2.3. Software Development Life Cycle
3.2.4. Spiral Model
3.2.5. History of Spiral Model
3.3. Clinical Decision Support System (CDSS)
Modules
3.3.1. User Interface
3.3.2. Medical Knowledge Base
3.3.3. Classification Algorithm Module
3.3.4. Inference Engine
3.3.5. Database Design
3.3.6. Tables
3.3.7. Use Case Diagram for the System
3.3.8. Sequence Diagram
3.3.9. Activity Diagram
3.4. Data Acquisition
3.4.1. Preparation of Acquired Dataset
3.4.2. Rapid Miner Software Version 6.2
3.5. Classification of Dataset using the Naïve
Bayes Theorem
3.6. Naïve Bayes
3.6.1. How Naïve Bayes Theorem Works
3.7. Post Research Benefits
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS, RESULTS
AND
DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS
4.0. Introduction
4.1. Dataset
4.1.1. Dataset Acquisition
4.1.2. Dataset Pre-processing
4.2. Performance of the Classification Models
4.2.1. Performance of Naïve Bayes Model
4.3. Performance Evaluation with other
Classification Algorithm
4.3.1. Performance of K-nearest neighbor (K-NN)
4.3.2. Performance of Decision Tree
4.3.3. Performance of Decision Stump
4.3.4. Performance of Rule Induction
4.3.5. Comparison Summary Based on Classification
Performance
4.4. Implementation of the Clinical Decision
Support System for the
Management of Diabetes Neuropathy
4.4.1. Medical Administrator
4.4.1.1.
Login Page
4.4.1.2.
Administrator Dashboard Page
4.4.1.3. Add
Specialist Page
4.4.1.4. Add
Symptoms Page
4.4.1.5. Add
Medicare Page
4.4.1.6.
Change Password Page
4.4.2. Medical User
4.4.2.1.
User Login Page
4.4.2.2.
User Home Page
4.4.2.3.
Personal Details
4.4.2.4.
Change Password
4.5. System Testing
4.5.1. Software Component Testing
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION
AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1. Summary
5.2. Conclusion
5.3. Recommendations
REFERENCES
CHAPTER
ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1.Background to the Study
The world is fast evolving and in
order to cope with the insatiable demand of the human race for the kind of
living that can be described as top-notch in which people have all they need at
their beck and call, there is the need to develop intelligent decision making
applications that will drive systems or devices to carry out tasks that require
human intelligence. This concept is known as Artificial Intelligence (AI).In
science and technology, the desire for improvement is a constant subject which
triggersadvancements.Technology has changed civilization in many different
ways. Humans have always been on a path of progression through the help of
technology, the twentieth and twenty-first centuries have seen a number of
advancements that revolutionized the way people work, live and play.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the
area of Computer Science focusing on creating expert machines that can engage
on behaviours that humans consider intelligent. Artificial Intelligence is the
branch of Computer Science that is concerned with the design and development of
the intelligent systems. Recent advances in the field of Artificial
Intelligence have led to the emergence of expert systems and computational
tools; designed to capture and make available the knowledge of experts in a
field.Expert system is an area of Artificial Intelligence that emulates the
decision-making ability of a human expert (Jackson, 1998). Expert systems are
designed to solve complex problems by reasoning
about knowledge, represented primarily as if–then rules
rather than through conventional procedural code.The
use of computer technology in areas of diagnosis, treatment of illnesses and
patient pursuit has highly increased. Though, the fields in which computers are
being used have very high complexity and uncertainty; the uses of intelligent
systems such as fuzzy logic, artificial neural network and genetic algorithm
have been developed (Jimoh et al, 2014).
A Clinical Decision Support System (CDSS) is an
active knowledge system, where two or more items of patient data are used to
generate case-specific recommendation(s) (Chen et al, 2002). This implies that
a CDSS is a Decision Support System (DSS) that uses knowledge management to
achieve clinical advice for patient care based on some number of items of
patient data. This helps to ease the job of healthcare practitioners,
especially in areas where the number of patients is overwhelming. Clinical
decision support system (CDSS) provides clinicians, staff, patients or other
individuals with knowledge and person-specific information, intelligently
filtered or presented at appropriate times, to enhance health and health care.
A CDSS can also be seen as an application that analyses data to help healthcare
providers make clinical decisions (Rouse, 2014) .
Diabetes
mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by elevated blood
glucose levels (Hyperglycemia) resulting from defects in insulin secretion,
insulin action or both. Insulin is a hormone manufactured by the beta cells of
the pancreas, which is required to utilize glucose from digested food as an
energy source. It is a hormone made by the pancreas that allowsthe body to use
sugar (glucose) from carbohydrates in the food that you eat for energy or to
store glucose for future use. Insulin helps keeps blood sugar level from
getting too high (hyperglycemia) or too low (hypoglycemia) (Hess, 2014) .
Chronic hyperglycemia is associated with microvascular and macro vascular
complications that can lead to visual impairment, blindness, kidney disease,
nerve damage, amputations, heart disease, and stroke (Harris, 2007). Symptoms
of diabetes include polydipsia (increased thirst), polyuria (increased urine
volume), blurring of vision, recurrent infections, and unexplained weight loss.
In severe cases, drowsiness, coma and high levels of glycosuria are usually
present.
There are
three major types of diabetes: type 1 diabetes, type 2
diabetes, and gestational diabetes. All types of diabetes mellitus have something
in common. Normally, the body breaks down sugars and carbohydrates into a
special sugar called glucose. Glucose fuels the cells in the body, but the
cells need insulin, a hormone in the bloodstream in order to take in the
glucose and use it for energy. With diabetes mellitus, either the body doesn't
make enough insulin or cannot use the insulin it does produce, or a combination
of both. Since the cells can't take in the glucose, it builds up in the blood.
High levels of blood glucose can damage the tiny blood vessels in the kidneys,
heart, eyes, or nervous system. Diabetes if left untreated, can
eventually cause heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, blindness, and nerve damage (Diabetic
Neuropathy) a type of nerve damaging disorders associated with diabetes
mellitus (Papadakis, et al, 2014).
Diabetic
neuropathy is the most common complication of diabetes mellitus, affecting as
many as 50 percent of patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.(Khardori,
2014) .
About half of all people with diabetes have some form of nerve damage and up to
26 percent of people with type 2 diabetes have evidence of nerve damage at the
time that diabetes is diagnosed(Davies et al, 2006). It is more
common in those who have had the disease for a number of years and this can
lead to different kinds of problems like sensory loss and damage to the limbs.
It can also cause impotence in diabetic men. Major risk factors of this
condition are the level and duration of elevated blood glucose.Getting diabetes
under better control also may help limit the amount of damage caused by neuropathy
once it's developed. The best way to prevent or stop the progression of
diabetic neuropathy is to keep diabetes under control. Nerve damage or diabetic
neuropathy resulting from chronically high blood glucose can be one of the most
frustrating and debilitating complications of diabetes because of the pain,
discomfort and disability it can cause, and because available treatments are
not uniformly successful. Although physicians have found some medications and
other treatments that help ease these symptoms in some people, prevention
continues to be the key. (Joslin,
2015) .
Poorly managed diabetes can lead to a host of long-term complications among
these are heart attacks, strokes, blindness, kidney failure, and blood vessel
disease that may require an amputation, nerve damage, and impotence in men. If
the blood glucose is kept close to normal as possible, it can help in reducing
the risk of developing some of these complications by 50 percent or more.
Computer
based methods are increasingly used to improve the quality of medical services.
The use of computer technology in areas of diagnosis, treatment of illnesses
and patient pursuit has highly increased. Though, the fields in which computers
are being used have very high complexity and uncertainty; the uses of
intelligent systems such as fuzzy logic, artificial neural network and genetic algorithm
have been developed (Jimoh et al, 2014). Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the
area of Computer Science focusing on creating expert machines that can engage
on behaviours that humans consider intelligent. Artificial Intelligence is
concerned with the design and development of the intelligent systems. Recent
advances in the field of Artificial Intelligence have led to the emergence of
expert systems and computational tools; designed to capture and make available
the knowledge of experts in a field. Hence,
this work focuses on the design and implementation of a web-based clinical
decision support system for the management of early diabetes neuropathy.
1.2. Statement of the Problem
Diabetes Neuropathy is
a chronic health problem with devastating, yet preventable consequences. Over
135 million people worldwide suffer from diabetes, with 25% developing
podiatric problems related to the disease, such as diabetic neuropathy. This neuropathy often causes severe pain and
can be incapacitating.Globally, rates of diabetes neuropathy were 15.1 million
in 2000 (Skaff et al, 2003). According to Nau et
al (2007), 7.8% of 23.6 million people of USA population were recorded for
having type 2 diabetes that resulted to diabetes neuropathy. (Nau et
al, 2007).The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates the number of diabetes
patients will reach 300 million by 2025(medoc, 2014). Four to five percent
of health budgets are spent on diabetes-related illnesses, such as the
management of diabetic neuropathy and its consequences.
According to the World
Health Organization, there is one diabetes specialist available for 10,000
Nigerians (WHO, 2012). Methods are needed to quantitatively evaluate the
integrity of both small and large-caliber sensory nerve fibers in order to
detect and manage this condition early in its progression. Since diabetic
neuropathy is an irreversible condition, early detection is a key factor for
controlling and managing patients early before the disabling effects present.Due
to this shortage of specialists, there is a need for a Clinical Decision Support
System that willdiagnose and manage diabetes neuropathy. Existing Clinical Decision
Support Systems make use of patients symptoms, medical history, physical exam
and the blood sugar level to diagnose patients and come up with a valid result
as regards whether such person(s) have diabetes neuropathy or not. However,
very little research have been carried out using the genetic predisposition,
loss of nerve function and plasma insulin level of the individual in question
to predict his or her susceptibility to diabetes, thus making this aspect
presently pose itself as a gray area. This research consequently proposes a web-based
adaptive clinical decision support system to diagnose and manage diabetes
neuropathy based on the genetic predisposition, loss of nerve function and
plasma insulin level of the person(s) in question.
1.3.
Objective of the Study
The main objective is to develop a Web-based Clinical Decision Support System
to diagnose and manage Diabetes Neuropathy using Naïve Bayes Algorithm.
The specific objectives are to:
1. design
a web-based clinical decision support system to diagnose and manage diabetes neuropathy;
2. classify
diabetes neuropathy using Naïve Bayes Theorem and
3. carryout performance
evaluation between Naïve Bayes theorem and four well known classification
algorithms (K-nearest neighbor (KNN), Decision Tree (DT), Decision Stump (DS),
and Rule Induction (RI) based on appropriate dataset using the Rapidminer 6.2
software.
1.4.Methodology
To achieve the set objective, the
following procedures was adopted.
1.
Design and implement a web-based clinical decision support system to
diagnose and manage diabetes neuropathy.
The web-based CDSS interface was developed
using:
i.
Apache serves as the server used to execute the web code created with
HTML and PHP.
ii.
MySQL as its database management system
iii.
PHP Programming Language as its server side scripting language and was
used to connect to the database.
iv.
Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) was used to make all the designs of the
CDSS
v.
Adobe Dreamweaver CS6 was the Integrated Development Environment (IDE)
used in coding.
2.
Critical review on
existing works was carried out and then dataset was acquired from the
University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital (UPTH) and Babcock University
Teaching Hospital (BUTH). The pre-processed dataset was classified using Naïve
Bayes Theorem.
3.
Performance evaluation was carried out between Naïve
Bayes theorem and four well known classification algorithms (k-nearest neighbor (KNN), Decision Tree (DT),
Decision Stump (DS) and Rule Induction (RI) based on the acquired dataset using the
Rapidminer 6.2 software to pick the optimal algorithm that will serve as the
back-end engine to the CDSS.
1.5. Scope of the Study
This dissertation intends to make
contributions in terms of generating patient-specific Clinical Pathways (CPs)
for diabetes that targets the knowledge needs and clinical duties of General
Practitioners (GPs), especially those working in Nigeria and sub-Saharan Africa
as a whole. The Clinical Pathways was based on existing Clinical Practice
Guidelines (CPGs),it was made to incorporate expert medical knowledge of
specialists that treat diabetes who are domicile in Nigeria.
1.6. Significance of the Study
This research serves as the platform upon which an
intelligent Clinical Decision Support Systemwas built and operationalized for
the diagnosis and management of early stages of diabetes neuropathy. It makes
it possible for Medical Practitioners (GPs) who have little idea in the area of
diabetes to have insights into the diagnosis and management including
patient-specific care plans for patients with diabetes neuropathy.This study
could support academic development and also contribute to the improvement of
education in architecture not only in this faculty but also in other
discipline.It could also help improve the degree of awareness to Nigerians and
also rendering useful preventive measures to anyone who seek for it. The
uniqueness of the this work is that, it does not only limit itself to diagnosis
of the disease, but also renders useful management solutions, prescriptions and
preventive measures to the user.
1.7.Organization
of the Subsequent Chapters
Chapter One: gives the introduction or background to the
study which includes the pertinent details and statistics about diabetes.
Chapter Two: deals with the literature review which
includes the basic terms and concepts upon which this research work is hinged also
the related literature that were thoroughly perused while doing this work.
Chapter Three: handles the research methodology which
specifies how precisely we intend to successfully achieve the objectives of
this study including the design tools that will be employed.
Chapter Four:deals with the
analysis of the proposed work and its juxtaposition with other existing works
as well as the results obtained from running the needed experiments.
Chapter Five: deals with the
conclusion, recommendation and the suggestion for further research.
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