ABSTRACT
This study focused on rice
husk generation and utilization among households in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. The
specific objectives were to: describe the socio-economic characteristics of
households in Ebonyi State; evaluate the perception of respondents on the effects
of rice husk generation and utilization on the environment; estimate
willingness to pay (WTP) for the removal of rice husk from the environment;
determine the socio-economic factors influencing the respondents WTP for the
removal of rice husk from the environment; determine the extent of rice husk
generation and utilization in the study area; and identify the constraints to
rice husk utilization among households in Ebonyi State. Hypothesis:
Socio-economic characteristics of households do not significantly determine
their willingness to pay for the removal of rice husk from the farmland.
Purposive sampling technique was used to select rice production and rice
milling areas while random sampling technique was used to select the
respondents. Data were collected by the use of structured questionnaire. Data
collected were analysed using mean score, contingency valuation method (CVM) - (tobit regression) and
F-test. The result of the analysis showed that rice husk is generated in large
quantities in the study area while rice husk utilization is still at
rudimentary stage. Annual income, years of education, farm size, age and
farming experience were positively related to households willingness to pay for
the removal of rice husk from the farmland at 5% probability level while
household size and distances of homes/farms from rice milling centers (RMCs)
were inversely related to WTP with the pseudo R2
value of 77%. The mean WTP for the removal of rice husk from the environment
was N960. The result from mean score used to identify the constraints to
rice husk utilization indicated four major constraints to include: lack of
awareness; cost of transportation; lack of environmental concern and
insufficient information about proper use. Recommendation: Government should
commercialize rice husk utilization since the findings showed that it was
generated in high quantity in the study area to offer employment to people and
at the same time solve the environmental problems created by uncoordinated
disposal of rice husk that causes land air and water pollution and conserve the
nation’s finite reserve of petroleum.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Nigeria is West Africa's largest producer of rice, producing currently an
average of 3.1 million metric tonnes of paddy rice annually (International Rice
Research Institute, 2015). Rice cultivation is widespread within Nigeria
extending from the northern to the southern zones with most rice grown in the
eastern and middle belt of the country (Fakayode, 2009). The demand for rice
has increased at a much faster rate in Nigeria than in other West African
countries. For example, during the 1960’s, Nigeria had the lowest per-capita
annual consumption of rice in the sub-region, averaging 3kg (Oselebe, Ogah,
Odo, & Ogbu, 2013). Per-capita consumption levels grew significantly at
7.3% per annum, averaging 18kg in the 1980’s and 22kg in 1995-1999 (Oselebe et
al., 2013). By 2008 it rose to 32kg, with per capita consumption in the urban
areas averaging 47kg (Adejumo-Ayibiowu & Bamidele, 2010). Rice production
rose gradually over the years with area expansion driven by population growth
and urbanization, to surpass other major rice producing countries (Daramola,
2005).
Rice is an important staple food for approximately half of the world
population (Slayton & Timmer, 2008). More than 70 countries produce rice
though China, India and Indonesia are the major producers (FAOSTAT, 2012). To
produce rice, co-product such as rice husk is generated in the rice milling
process. This husk accounts for approximately 20-23% of total paddy rice weight
(rice crop weight) (IRRI, 2008). Rice husk is one of the most widely available
agricultural wastes in many rice producing countries of the world (Kumar,
Sangwan, Dhankhar, Mor, & Bidra, 2013). Husks also known as hulls are the
hard protecting coverings of grains of rice to protect the seed during the
growing season. It is one of the potential biomass sources, but light and
bulky. The husk is formed from hard materials. The husk is mostly indigestible
to humans. It is removed from rice seed as a by-product during the milling
process, and forms 20-23% by weight of the paddy processed. The quantity of
rice
The rice milling process involves cleaning, hulling and post-hulling
processes (whitening, polishing and grading), which combined will produce
several rice by-products. The percentage of rice by-products is dependent upon
several factors, such as the milling rate and variety of rice. An ideal milling
process will yield 20-23% husk, 8-12% bran depending on the milling degree and 68-72%
milled rice or white rice, depending on the variety (IRRI, 2009). During the
milling processes, the husks are removed from the raw grain to reveal whole
brown rice, which may then sometimes be milled further to remove the bran
layer, resulting in white rice. Rice husk is a common agricultural residue
(IRRI, 2009).
The Federal Government of Nigeria has focused on agriculture as a means
of diversifying the current crude oil dependent economy and rice is one of the
agricultural products that have been earmarked for scaling up. Rice husk is
produced in large quantity in the three agricultural zones of Ebonyi State of
Nigeria namely; Ebonyi North, Ebonyi Central and Ebonyi South. Rice husk dumps
are increasing in alarming proportions in these regions especially in Abakaliki
where Abakaliki rice mill industry which is the first milling industry in
Ebonyi state is located. For every 1000kgs of paddy milled, about 220kgs (23%)
of husk is.....
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Item Type: Postgraduate Material | Attribute: 82 pages | Chapters: 1-5
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