ABSTRACT
Eighty day-old broiler chicks were used for feeding trial carried out to
determine the effect of graded levels of Rice Milling Waste (RMW) and Bioactive
Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisae) which has been shown to secrete enzymes that
help to digest crude fiber and organic matter. This suggest that supplementing
broiler ration with bioactive yeast may improve the digestibility and
efficiency of utilization of RMW. The 80 broiler chicks used in this study were
randomly distributed in five groups of sixteen birds each. Each group was
subdivided into four replicates of 8 birds each. Group 1 was placed on experimental
diet made of 1.5 g/kg yeast basal feed and no RMW, Group 2 was fed on a diet of
1.5 g/kg bioactive yeast, basal feed and 10% RMW, Group 3 and 4 were fed feed
containing 1.5 g/kg bioactive yeast, 15 and 20 % RMW respectively while group
5, the control had no RMW and bioactive yeast. Feed and water were given to the
birds ad libitum. Daily feed intake and weekly weight gain were determined.
Data were collected on nutrient intake, growth performance, feed intake, growth
rate, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, apparent nutrient retention, cost
benefit analysis and carcass weight. Bioactive yeast supplementation resulted
in a significant (P<0.05) reduction in feed intake and cost. The results
showed that up to 20% RMW with bioactive yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisae)
supplementation are adequate for oprimum growth of broiler birds. However, more
research work should be done to determine the usage of bioactive yeast in
commercial broiler feed production.
CHAPTER
ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background information
It is a fact that humans have been in constant competition
with livestock over certain feed ingredients such as wheat, sorghum, soyabeans,
maize, groundnuts, etc that are beneficial to both of them. As a result of this
competing demand, which has grown over the years due to the constant increase
in both human and livestock population, the resultant effect is high cost of
feed (Otokumefor and Olomu, 2000).
Also, the increasing
competition between man and animals for available grains (Tegbeet al.,
1984; Madubuike, 1998); the inadequate production of farm crops to meet the
needs of man and his livestock (Esonuet al.,
2001) and the modern intensive farming practices have resulted in soils with
deficiencies that are reflected in the low nutritional content of grains grown
on these soils, and in the health of animals raised and maintained on these
crops (Barnejee, 2009).
Poultry production is a very
important integral part of the agricultural sector of developing countries.
Musangi (1992) stated that supply of poultry products in poorer countries could
be rapidly expanded to meet the need for animal protein that is in short supply
resulting in sub-optimal consumption of animal protein by over 60% of the
Nigerian populace. The present daily protein allowance for have
Feed supply is the major
limiting factor in poultry production in devfeloping countries such as Nigeria
(Nworgu, 2004). Feed alone accounts for 65-80% of the total cost of production
(Yeganyet al., 2002). The greatest source of
dilemma in poultry industry is the unprecedented increase in the cost of
poultry feedstuff, especially maize and soyabean (Adene, 2004). Another factor
that affects the availability and affordability of the conventional feed
ingredients is their seasonality. Most of them are grown at different seasons
and are therefore scarce and very expensive when they are off-season.
These problem have resulted in
animal nutritionists resorting to the replacement of conventional ingredients
with non-conventional cheaper and alternative energy and protein sources. Many
authors (Ezieshiet al ., 2004; Okeudoet al.,
2005; Okon and Ogumodede, 2006) are in support of efficient utilization of
non-conventional products to formulate livestock feeds. However, quantities of
these products that could be utilized at a given time need to be properly
determined.
Rice milling waste (RMW) is one
of the commonly available non-conventional feed ingredients used to partially
replace maize or complement whole poultry ration but this by-product contains
very high levels of fiber that does not digest very easily and is therefore,
not very good to be utilized alone by broiler birds. Rice husk which contribute
about 40% of the (RMW) contains about 38% cellulose and 32% lignin. Paddy husk
contain about 22% ash of which 95% is silica. There is therefore the need to
make this by-product more palatable and more effective in the supply of energy
since the poultry producers are left with no option than to make use of the
by-product and other related products.
Studies have shown that
inclusion of 20% RMW in broiler finisher feed had no deleterious effect on
production. Hence, these researchers recommended that RMW should be treated to
make it less fibrous and more digestible.
Biotechnological options are
available for enhancing the nutritive value of agro-industrial by-products such
as RMW. Biotechnological treatment to improve the digestibility of fibrous
agricultural by-products include either the direct use of micro-organisms or
microbial enzymes (Shaiful, 1992). A great deal of attention has recently been
received from nutritionists for proper utilization of nutrients and the use of
antibiotics for growth promotion in poultry production (Kabir, 2009).
Live yeast addition to animal feed has been known to improve
the nutritive quality of feed and performance of animals. The advantages of
these growth promoters include no withdrawal time, no residual effects and no
microbial mutation (Gibson and Roberfroid, 2008).
Probiotics are live cultures of
useful bacteria. The organisms used are beneficial strains of lacto
bacillus and streptococcus.
The reasoning behind the useof probiotics is that increase in their number will
improve digestion. Their dominance would reduce the population of undesirable
organisms like E. coliand thus save the
birds from the toxins that these undesirable organisms produce in the digestive
tract (Barnejee, 2009). The effect of bioactive yeast (Saccaromycescerevisae)
on performance of broilers fed RMW based diets raised to slaughter weighjt will
be investigated in this study.
1.2 STATEMENT OF
PROBLEM
Conventional feed ingredients
(maize and soybean) are expensive and contribute to the high cost of poultry
feeds. The need to reduce feed cost has spurred research into the use of
non-conventional and cheap source of nutrients in poultry feeding. Non-conventional
feed ingredients such as rice milling waste (RMW) has a high crude fiber
contenet which reduces poultry feed intake, decrease digestibility and
effective utilizatuin of feed. Broiler diet should contain a maximum of 4% crude fiber but with 33,18% RMW inclusion, the
crude fiber content become higher than recommened......
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