ABSTRACT
The
study was carried out to determine the influence of guidance and counselling on
vocational value orientation and social networking among in-school Adolescents
in Enugu State, Nigeria. the Ex-post facto design was adopted, and the study
was carried out in the three major municipalities in the three senatorial
districts of Enugu State. The population for the study comprised of all the
162,651 secondary schools students in Enugu State. The sample for this study is
645 in-school adolescents, which comprises 427 males and 218 females. The
sampling technique adopted is multistage sampling technique, which involved
both purposive and stratified random sampling technique. A structured
questionnaire titled: guidance and counselling influence on vocational value orientation
and social networking questionnaire (GCIVVOSNQ) was used to collect data for
the study. The questionnaire was subjected to face – validation by three
experts in University of Nigeria Nsukka. The instrument was pilot tested on 60
selected SSII secondary school students of the Orokam Community Secondary
School Adimoko Benue State. And the data collected were analysed using the
Cronbach Alfa method on the SPSS platform, and a reliability coefficient of
0.89 was obtained. The data collected for the study were analyzed using Mean
and Standard deviation for answering each of the five research questions. The
t-test statistic was used to test the four hypotheses at 0.05 level of
significance. The study revealed that The in-school adolescents in Enugu State
receive educational counselling while choosing subjects, and they receive
occupational information on different occupations, and equally they receive
information about the requirements for the available occupational choices, the
study equally revealed that the in-school adolescents in Enugu State are guided
to develop good study habits and study patterns, and theyare shown that there
is dignity in honest labour, and are guided to choose occupations that are in
line with the needs of the 21 st century world of work. Equally they
are made to know that social network sites are not totally bad and should not
be avoided totally, and are made to apply moderation in the way they visit
social network sites the study equally revealed that female in-school adolescents
are more adversely affected in their choice of vocation because of social
networking, and that female in-school adolescents spends more time on social
network sites, and finally that female in-school adolescents are more
vulnerable to the negative effects of social networking. It was recommended
that the school principals in Enugu State should look into the social
networking activities of their students especially the female students and make
sure that the students are properly guided to avoid the negative impacts of
social networking. Equally that parents should take a very critical look into
the social networking activities of their teenage children and make sure that
the children are properly supervised, to avoid the negative impacts of social
networking. It was equally recommended that counsellors should work together
with the principals to organize workshops and seminars designed to educate the
in-school adolescents and the public on the negative impacts of social
networking and how to properly manage their time.and that counsellors should
work together with the principals to organize workshops and seminars designed
to educate the parents and their teenage children on the importance of guidance
counselling and the need to release their wards for counselling activities. And
that Parents and school counsellors should improve on their listening skills.
Finally it was recommended that the Enugu State Post Primary School Management
Board (PPSMB), should employ and inject more professional counsellors into the
secondary schools in Enugu state.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background of the study
The
prevalence of social interactions and electronic communication among Nigeria
students today is increasing. Students prefer to interact electronically than
paying maximum attention to their studies. Consequently, it has recorded an
increase in poor academic performance and occupational maladjustment in the
educational sector (Berkman,2010). Occupational maladjustment according to
Omeje (2007) is a situation where an individual is unable to adapt to his
working environment which leads to ineffectiveness on the job.
This
reported ineffectiveness on the job has made parents, teachers and government
to recognize the harms poor value orientation and social networking are causing
in career, value, attitude and personality of students in Enugu State (Ede,
2014). These include poor study habits, wrong choice of vocation, poor
performance of students in external examinations such as West African School
Certificate Examination (WASCE) and National Examination Council (NECO).
Equally high rate of incidence of juvenile delinquency, like examination
malpractice and other vices, high rate of social crimes like shop lifting and
illegal use contraband drugs, high rate of unemployment, economic dependence
and occupational maladjustment, among
the youth in the country (Eze, 2010) andEnugu State is not left out.
In
Nigeria today, Omeje (2007) states that even the youth who finally get
employed, perform below expectations at the work place, all as a result of
negative peer modelling and poor value orientation, and this impedes national
development. Omeje (2007) further points out that many students aspire to enter
into occupations ignorantly without knowing the risk and implications that are
involved. The Federal Republic of Nigeria in National Policy on Education (FRN,
2009) stipulates that schools provide vocational counsellingso as to prepare
the students to develop meaningful insights, attitudes, skills and value for
their careers.Vocational guidance according to Okeke (2003) is the process of
preparing individuals to choose, maintain and remain in a job. Eze (2010)
defines it as a process which enables one to have better knowledge of one’s personal
characteristics; critically examines and analyzes the various occupational
characteristics and requirements as well as have objective analysis of one’s
suitability to an occupation of choice.In recent times there has been an
increase in the rate of youth unemployment and occupational maladjustment as
well as a decline in the performance of in-school adolescents in their
academics, as a result of their addiction to social networking, especially in
many developing countries. Thus causing youths’ dependence and involvement in
social crimes (Singh, 2013).
Nigeria is not left out in this
challenge. Therefore guidance services are needed to help these students.
Guidance is a term used to denote
the process of helping an individual to gain self-understanding and
self-direction so that he can adjust maximally to home, school or community
environment (Ezeji, 2001). Similarly, Okeke (2003) posits that guidance is the
process of assisting an individual to understand himself and his world better
and thus be better equipped to solve life problems. In this study guidance is
the process of helping an individual to have better understanding of his/her
naturally endowed abilities and characteristics so that he can function
adequately in the society.
On
the other hand,counselling is the process of helping an individual to utilize
his or her psychological resources by focusing on the individual’s personality,
behavioural and emotional assets that could be mobilized (Onuigbo, 2005).
Invariably, Gibson and Mitchell (2007) argue that counselling is the process
through which the counselor expresses care and concern towards a personal
growth and brings about change through self-knowledge. Operationally,
counselling is the process of assisting an individual by a professionally
trained person (counsellor)inorder to bring about change through
self-knowledge, proper development and improved functioning.
In
general term, Guidance and counselling is the process of helping an individual
to develop self-consciousness, self-direction and to explore and participate in
his own development towards a self-reliant and fulfilled person (Gibson, 2003).
Okeke (2003) on his own, states that guidance and counselling is designed to
help individuals in their different problems and concerns so that they grow up
well adjusted individuals capable not only of living productive lives but are
also prepared to contribute their quota to the development of their society.
Similarly, Ifelunni(1997)defines guidance and counselling as a sum total of all
the processes of assisting an individual to understand self and put self into
positive use.Explaining further,the author sees guidance and counselling as a
formalized service aimed at enabling an individual to fulfill his individual
nature. This implies understanding one’s psychological and physiological
make-ups and making use of these advantageously.
From the above definitions,
guidance and counselling could be seen as a process of assisting individuals to
acquire the capacity for self-direction so as to be able to live productive
lives and also contribute to the development of their society. Guidance and
Counselling connotes three major services which includes: educational
counselling, vocational counselling and personal-socio counselling.Educational
counselling according to Okeke (2003) is the assistance given to pupils to help
them function more effectively in the school progress, and this assistance helps the pupils
to act in terms of their present and future educational needs and
opportunities. On the other hand, vocational counselling according to Onuigbo
(2005) are those processes, theories, principles, ideas and styles given to the
needy to help them assess themselves and be able to make a choice of career or
occupation and fit in well to maximize their potentials and abilities for a
livelihood. Finally Ezeji (2001) points out that personal social counselling is
the assistance given to students to enable them to have a better knowledge of
self and others as well as help them with their problems such as anxiety,
stress, sexuality, alcoholism, drug abuse, suicidal tendencies, decision
making, problem solving, setting goals and interpersonal relationships. The
discourse on vocational counselling won’t be complete without highlighting the
term vocation.
Vocation
according to Amazue and Okoli(2004)means the activities, trade or occupation
which constitutes public discussions. Literature reveals that occupational
choice in the 21st century is so vast that it is discouraging or
even paralyzing for youths (Schmidt, 2004). In essence the way youths make
vocational choices and decisions is swiftly becoming a disturbing issue. The
challenge of how youths make vocational choices has attracted so many
life-style expressed in time, energy and ability. Similiarly,Eze (2010) states
that vocation is an occupation to which an individual’s life is committed to
and he/she has interest, liking and feelings for the work. Omeje
(2007) points out that vocation means activities, traits or occupations
consisting a life-style of an individual which is expressed in terms of energy
or ability. Strengthening this view, Hornby (2009) defines vocation as a type
of work or way of life that one believes is especially suitable for him.
Operationally, vocation is an occupation or work consisting a life-style of an
individual which he/she enjoys doing.
Furthermore, if there are several subjects available
to students to choose from, students’ value orientations will help them determine
choice of subjects (Okafor, 2006). Okafor (2006) defines values as the
determiners in man that influence his choices in life and thus decide his
behaviour. Values refer to any thing people cherish, desire, appreciate, want,
hold, dear, prefer, need; it is internally desired which satisfies the needs
(Kalusi, 2011). In this study, value is the rule of action and choice which
determines, directs and controls our behavioural, spiritual and social
consciousness- the standard of our conducts. In consonance with the above,
Albert& Steinberg (2011) asserts that.....
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