ABSTRACT
Twenty four
(24) cross bred rabbits of both sexes, made up of twelve (12) males and twelve
(12) females were used for the experiment to investigate, the growth and
carcass characteristics of weaner rabbits fed four(4) dietary levels of Moringa
oleifera leaf, meal (MOLM). Treatments 1, 2, 3, and 4 received 0, 10, 20,
and 30% MOLM, respectively.
Results
obtained showed that rabbits on T3 diet achieved the highest weight
gain (1600.00 ±56.27g) while T2, T4 and T1
recorded weight gains of (1583.33 ± 0.14g, 1441.67 ± 47.29g and 1366.67 ±
77.10g), respectively. Rabbits on T3 diets also recorded a higher
daily weight gain (9.54 ± 0.70g) than those on T2, T4 and
T1 (9.03 ± 0.39g, 7.54 ± 0.89g and 6.65 ± 0.85g), respectively.
There was also significant difference (P< 0.05) on the feed cost per kg gain
(N) as Treatment 3 feeds was cheaper (N77.08), than T4,
T2 and T1 whose feed costs were N85.57, N85.66
and N132.85, respectively. Feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and feed
cost per kg feed (N) had no significant difference (P > 0.05) across
the treatments. Results of carcass evaluation showed a significant difference
(P < 0.05) on the; thoraxic width, lion weight, liver weight, lungs weight
and spleen weight.
However,
there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) on the other parameters such
as, liver weight, dressed weight, carcass length, head weight, fore limb
weight, hind limb weight, heart weight and kidney weight, as was observed from
the study. Evaluation of hematological characteristics of rabbits fed MOLM
showed no significant difference (P>0.05) in packed cell volume (PCV)
haemoglobin (HB g/d), red blood cell count (RBC) and white blood cell count
(WBC). This investigation therefore suggests that, rabbits tolerate Moringa
oliefera leaf meal (MOLM) up to 20% level, for optimal performance.
Higher levels of incorporation resulted in decreased performance and should be
discouraged.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The
increasing demand for animal protein coupled with more stringent economic
conditions have encouraged greater interest in fast growing animals with short
generation interval. Poultry and pigs are the first choice but their production
is more demanding because of the high cost of production and competition with
man for feedstuffs. Fetuga (1997) reported on the disappointing rate and level
of performance in the livestock industry in Nigeria. This he attributed, among
other factors, to high cost of feeds arising largely from fluctuations in feed
supplies, rising prices of ingredients, poor quality feeds, inefficiency in
production and distribution in the feed industry.
Many
investigators have suggested ways of increasing the low animal protein intake
of Nigerians. One of the cheapest producers of meat that can easily fit into
the wider segment of the population but which has been neglected in Nigeria is
the rabbit. The rabbit has the ability to convert feedstuff such as forages,
most agricultural by-products, kitchen waste etc that human being cannot
consume directly into highly nutritious meat. Rabbits are highly prolific,
cheap to feed because they can utilize roughage feeds, they have rapid growth
rate, high dressing percentage, short gestation period and low purchasing
price. However, efficient rabbit production is largely dependent upon adequate
and correct nutrition (Standford 1979). There is no rabbit so good that poor
nutrition will not ruin nor any bad one that good feeding will not improve.
A rabbit
which is not well fed can not give its best, and when it is realised that the
greatest cost of producing rabbits lies in the nutrition, correct feeding
therefore becomes of utmost importance to the rabbit producer. The quantity of
feed provided is important but the quality or type of feed is more important
because poor nutrition result in slow growth rate, inefficient reproduction and
predisposes the animals to diseases.
Aduku and
Olukosi (1990) reported a digestible energy range of 10.00 – 10.46 MJ/Kg for
optimum performance of rabbits in the tropics. The digestible energy (DE) level
reported by these workers are, however, similar to digestible energy (DE) of
10.46 MJ/Kg recommended by NRC (1977) for growing rabbits in temperate zones.
Aduku and Olukosi (1990) also reported a range of 2390-2500 K cal/Kg of energy
and crude protein level of 12-17% for optimum performance of rabbits in the
tropics. Fielding (1991) had reported a range of 16 – 18% crude protein (CP) as
optimal for growing rabbits.
In recent
years, there have been renewed interests in the use of non-conventional
ingredients in feeds formulation for livestock. Standford (1979) reported that,
there is a wide range of feedstuff on which rabbits can live on. Therefore, alternative
feed sources need to be investigated such as, Moringa oleifera,
the leaves of which have been used as animal feed in many places. Moringa
oleifera leaves, stems, roots and other parts have been popularly used as
animals feeds in countries such as Senegal, Niger, Kenya, Tanzania, Zimbabwe,
Gambia, Malawi, India, Spain, USA and Germany etc (Fugile,
Moringa
oleifera is a multipurpose browse plant with useful characteristics.
The leaves and green fresh pods are used as vegetable by man and are rich in
carotene and ascorbic acid with a good profile of amino acids (Makkar and
Becker 1996). It is also used as livestock feed and its twigs are reported to
be very palatable to ruminants and have appreciable crude protein levels
ranging from 26 – 27 percent (Sutherland et al
1990, Sarwatt et al 2002, Kimoro
2002).
Fuglie
(1999) stated that the high bioavailability of Moringa oleifera
leaves and stems make them an excellent feed for cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and
rabbits. The leaves of Moringa oleifera are an excellent source
of the sulphur containing amino acids, methionine and cysteine, which are often
limiting in most feedstuff used for feeding animals (Maroyi, 2006). Moringa
oleifera leaves have also been used as an alternative protein source for
tilapia fish production (Becker et al,
2002).
Mathur
(2006) indicated that cattle fed with the leaf and green stems of Moringa
oleifera can increase milk production by 43 – 65% and increased daily
weight gain in cattle by up to 32%. Onimisi et al
(2007) indicated that Moringa oleifera leaf meal can be included
up to 30% in rabbits diet without any adverse effect on the growth performance.
Moringa oleifera can also be included up to 20% in the diets of
laying birds without any adverse effect (Kakengi et al
2007).....
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