ABSTRACT
This study
was conducted to evaluate Participatory Poverty Reduction by Utilization of
Water Delivery of Local Empowerment and Environmental Management Project
(LEEMP) in Southeast Nigeria as a contribution towards finding water panacea to
poverty associated with Livestock Fattening (poultry and fishery), especially
during dry season in water stress communities. Also, it was meant to create
awareness for Community Driven Development (CDD) Participation. Primary data
were obtained from water benefitting communities in LEEMP delivery support.
Data were analyzed using regression analysis, marginal analysis model and
chi-square test. Result showed that the farmers were composed of 43% females
and 57% males. About 31% of the farmer had tertiary educational; 29% of the
them had secondary school education; 27% had only primary education while 13%
had no formal education. Most of the farmers were within 36-49 years. Large
scale poultry farmers (16%) and fish farmers (55%) used on the average 81% CDD
water delivery volume and generated 72% livestock income. The small scale
poultry farmers (60%) and fish farmers (31%) used on the average 6% of the
water volume and generated 10% of the livestock income. The daily timeliness
per unit of LEEMP water delivery was 42 minutes on the average. LEEMP reduced
poverty through water utilization by 67%. The amount of poultry credit demanded
significantly (p < 0.05) influenced the product size (farm output size).
Credit for fishery activities was significantly (p < 0.05) low.
Other factors that significantly (p < 0.05) influenced Poultry credit were
the number of children, leadership position and religion. The volume of water
used and the man-days of LEEMP water use significantly (p < 0.05) increased
income from poultry. Household size and age significantly (p < 0.05)
influenced income from fishery. The 6% score on water volume used by small
scale farmers as against 81% for Large scale farmers indicated differential
participation by the two categories of livestock farmers. The study recommends
opening up virile CDD credit line for fishery and supply of improved stocks to
support poultry and fishery production. The study also recommends supportive
mobilization of participation through the use of agricultural extension
education for the educationally less privileged farmers as well as rotating the
CDD leadership of benefitting micro-project communities, at least bi-ennially.
Besides, doors should be opened for greater number of water stress communities
to benefit from LEEMP/CSDP water delivery support, with greater community
contributions made in kind rather than cash.
CHAPTER
ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Information
Participatory Poverty Reduction
through Water Delivery Support is a rural support programme to address problems
of rural household chore water scarcity and to enhance community agricultural
productivity (income). It is relatively new in Nigeria. Water scarcity is
caused by water stress. Water is a renewable resource and water stress begins
when withdrawals of fresh water rise above 10% of renewable resources (UNDP,
1997).
Water delivery for agricultural
use in most Nigerian rural communities requires capital investment. Many
communities stressed by frequently occurring dry season drought chose water
delivery from the micro-project rural support of Local Empowerment and
Environmental Management Project (LEEMP) for poverty reduction in southeastern
Nigeria.
Water stress denies most rural
communities access to livelihoods water delivery (Enugu State SEEDS (2004). The
dry season water stress causes environmental dryness and frustrates effective
use of rural man-hours/-days input to agriculture (Okwor, 2001). It also,
frustrates income earnings for all seasons’ animal fattening: poultry and
fishery
Availability of safe water
supply can support sustainable livelihoods (UNICEF Nigeria, 2012). Okwor (2001)
pointed that fishery and poultry make better use of land and water in the
environment. So, supportive agricultural water use can sustain production,
prevent water borne diseases and save lives from unnecessary accidents. Also,
effective use of man-hours is possible when water is easily accessible.
Further, sustainable livelihoods in agricultural production is able to
facilitate improved income which in turn can facilitate access to social needs:
access to credit facilities, education for children, access to communication
facilities, access to health facilities and enablement to pay for counterpart
funds contributions on new investment (s).
LEEMP started the first phase
field operation in Nigeria in 2004 and had project support units at federal and
state levels, with only participating southeastern states as Enugu and Imo.
LEEMP is an agency of International Development Association (IDA) in
development partnership with Nigerian government. Since March 2009, LEEMP has
acquired a new name, in its second phase, as Community and Social Development
Project (CSDP), but the micro-project target is still on Local Empowerment and
Environmental Management. The broad objective of LEEMP/CSDP is double-barreled.
The first part is in strengthening the institutional framework at the federal,
state and local government levels to support environmentally sustainable and
community socially inclusive
LEEMP/CSDP as a project support
organization for participatory poverty reduction has the following specific
objectives namely: (i) Raising the standard of living. (ii) Reduction of
poverty through five components as follow: education through social
inclusiveness to bring better method and increase in the income of the people;
increasing the number of man-hours and man- days of business engagement;
reduction of risk and, provision of security and safety of project through
provision for operations and maintenance committee for each project; reduction
of cost of production; mobilizing communities to invest in livestock fattening,
fishery, agricultural processing activities and provision of safety net credit
to communities’ organized needy and vulnerable groups, with a view to reducing
consumption expenditure (FPSU and MacMatts Consultants, 2006). So, the
objectives of LEEMP are to obviate problems of project imposition, top-down
development implementation and to improve the lot of rural communities (Papka,
2004).
LEEMP operates with CDD
strategy through the promotion of participatory decision making, integrated
multi-sectoral planning and sustainable environmental impact control among
micro-project communities. According to the Federal Support Unit (FPSU) and
MacMatts consultants (2006), Community Driven Development (CDD) is broadly
defined as a process of control of decision and resources by community-based
groups for participatory improvement of natural, physical and social
infrastructure. CDD is also referred to as qualitative participation.
CDD strategy emphasizes
participatory socially inclusive decision making and bottom-up management to
micro-project delivery. Consequently, the concept of CDD enables the
communities and local governments to collaboratively plan, design, execute and
sustain their development projects. The concepts of CDD are functional
transparency, accountability, participation by socially inclusive bottom-up
management, and focus on rural people, sustainability of project, and Local
Government Assessment for Governance (Papka, 2004).
Methods of
quality participation need relationships, attitude and behavior to influence
changes at personal and institutional levels. Both changes in the attitudinal
and behavioral levels bring about improvement at personal level, while changes
in relationships are reflected in the institutional changes. Changes at all
these three levels are prerequisites for the CDD approaches (Chambers, 2002).
LEEMP uses IDA funds to finance
micro-project supports for rural communities that chose investments in water delivery.
Water borehole support of LEEMP, as in other public goods, necessitates
technical and mobilization support for preparation of Community Development
Plan.......
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