ABSTRACT
An experiment was conducted to
determine the metabolizable energy of maize pap waste (MPW) and rice milling
waste (RMW) using adult male broiler birds. Eighteen male adult broiler birds
were used in the experiment. Eight birds were assigned to each of the feedstuff
with two birds left unfed which served as the negative control. Each of the samples
was ground, made into slurry and force-fed to sixteen 10-week old finisher
broiler birds that had been starved for 30 hours. The droppings were collected
quantitatively, dried and the gross energy was determined in a bomb
calorimeter. The results show that the gross energy, apparent and true
metabolizable energy of MPW (4.01, 2.60 and 3.03kcal/g) were significantly
(P<0.05) higher than those of RMW (2.94, 0.8 and 1.09kcal/g), respectively.
Prior to the determination of the true metabolizable energy, two experiments
were conducted concurrently to evaluate the effects of feeding graded levels of
MPW and RMW on the performance of broiler birds. A total of one hundred and
forty-four 2-week old broiler birds with average weight of 330g were randomly
allocated to four dietary treatments containing 0, 10, 20 and 30% MPW and RMW,
respectively. The effect of treatments on the final body weight (FBW), average
daily weight gain (DWG), average daily feed intake (DFI), feed conversion ratio
(FCR), feed cost per weight gain FC/WG, carcass quality and organ
characteristics were determined. Differences in DFI and ADG were not
significant (P>0.05). Similarly, the FBW of broilers fed the 0, 10, 20 and
30% MPW (3520g, 3470g and 3500g, respectively) and RMW (3345g, 3329g, 3337g and
3330g, respectively) diets were found to be comparable (P>0.05) within the
different groups. However, feed cost per unit weight gain decreased
significantly with increasing levels of MPW and RMW in the diets. The lower
feed cost per kilogram meat produced on 30% MPW and RMW diets suggest that the
wastes are economically viable alternative energy sources. It was concluded
that at up to the 30% inclusion level of MPW and RMW in the diets, FBW and FCR
were not significantly affected (P>0.05). However, the financial return was
positively affected (P<0.05) at this level.
CHAPTER
ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Livestock industry in Nigeria
is ridden with myriad of problems, which have resulted to a gross shortage of
meat and other animal products (Nworgu, 2002). The animal protein intake
shortages in Nigeria observed in the early 1970s has progressively worsened
till date. The protein intake of an average Nigerian is about 53.8g with only
6.0 – 8.4g per caput per day of animal origin (Egbunike, 1997). CBN (2003)
revealed that North America, Western and Eastern European countries consume 66,
39 and 33g of animal protein per head per day respectively; while an average
Nigerian consumes 7.5g which is below the recommended level of 27g per caput
per day. The sub-optimal consumption of animal protein by a large percentage of
Nigerian population has challenged not only livestock farmers, but also
researchers and policy makers.
Recently, much effort is being
made to find the possibilities of utilizing agro-industrial by-products in
poultry nutrition (Henuk and Dingle, 2003). This could lead to the reduction in
the use of conventional feed ingredients such as maize, soybean, sorghum,
groundnut, wheat etc (El Boushy and Van der Poel, 2000) and help reduce pollution
problems, decrease feed cost and increase livestock production.
Agro-industrial by-products in
Nigeria vary from primary processing of farm produce wastes to wastes from
agro-allied industries. Some of these wastes are left unutilized, which often
cause environmental pollution and hazard. Those that are utilized do not have
their full potentials harnessed. Agro-industrial by-products which can be of
tremendous use in the livestock industry for feeding animals include maize pap
waste and rice milling waste etc.
Since energy is one of the most
expensive segments of a poultry ration, accurate knowledge of the available
energy content of feedstuffs is necessary to formulate the most economical
least-cost rations and to achieve profitable production. Supplying adequate
energy to birds is one of the most important aspects of successful management
program. It is by knowing and meeting the nutrient requirements of the bird
that their full genetic potentialities can be realized.
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