ABSTRACT
Thaumatococcus
daniellii and Musa accuminata are leaves used for wrapping foods and these
herbs have some medicinal value. The affordability, preservation, usage
techniques, and seasonal scarcity of the leaves make it difficult for people to
use them frequently but they are preferred over plastic bags and aluminum foil
in terms of wrapping edible foods like beans pudding (moi-moi), agidi, etc and
fresh foods like uncooked meat, vegetables etc. This research work involved
phytochemical screening, proximate analysis, and nutrient evaluation of the
leave extracts of T. daniellii and M. accuminata .The extraction methods used
were, hot /
cold water maceration method and soxhlet extraction method on the Thaumatoccocus
daniellii (sweet prayer leave) and Musa
accuminata (banana leave). Phytochemical analysis showed the presence of
alkaloids (+), tannins (+), glycosides (+), flavonoids (+),and steroids (+)
present in cold water , hot water , and methanol extracts on the T. daniellii
leaves. For the banana leave, the results obtained were as followed: alkaloids (+), tannin (+), glycosides
(+),flavonoid (+), and steroids (-) in cold water extract, hot water extract
and methanol extract. The proximate analysis was carried out on the samples
evaluating the composition of ash content (20%), crude fibre (0.01%), moisture
content (0.596%), crude protein (15.75%) for T. daniellii and M. accuminata,
ash content (27%), crude fibre (0.01%), moisture content (00.82%), crude
protein (13.13%). Nutrient evaluation was also carried out on the two samples.
For T. daniellii, Ca (0.16mg/L), Mg (2.05mg/L), Na (nil), K (0.10mg/L), and Fe
(nil).For M. accuminata, it contains Ca (0.19mg/L), Mg (2.45mg/L), Na
(0.01mg/L), K (0.81mg/L) and Fe (0.36mg/L).
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
Title
page
List
of tables
List
of figures
Abstract
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
1.1
Background of Study
1.2 Statement
of the Problems
1.3 Hypotheses
1.4 Aim/Objectives
CHAPTER TWO
2.0
Literature Review
2.1
History
2.2
Site of study
2.3.0 Some Phytochemical Structures
2.3.1 Tannins
(or Tannoids)
2.3.2 Alkaloids
2.3.3 Steriods
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Experimental Section
3.1 Reagents and apparatus
3.2 Sample and Sample collection
3.3 Procedure
3.4.0 Data / Statistical Analysis
3.4.1 Phytochemical Analysis (Qualitative)
3.4.2 Test
for Alkaloids
3.4.3 Test for Tannins
3.4.4 Test for Glycosides
3.4.5 Test for flavonoid
3.4.6 Test
for steroids
3.5 Proximate analysis
3.5.1 Ash content
3.5.2 Crude fibre
3.5.4 Crude
protection
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULTS
4.1 Result for Thaumatococcus daniellii
4.2 Phytochemicals result for Musa accuminata
4.3 Proximate analysis
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 DISCUSION
5.2 CONCLUSION
5.3 RECOMMENDATION
REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of Study
Anything
natural appears as it was made by nature therefore natural products are the
starting point of all the synthetic compounds or products. Natural product such
as plant extract, either as pure compounds or as standardized extracts help
students, scientists, or researchers in discovery of novel products like drugs
(for viral, fungi, bacterial and inflammatory and chemotherapeutic agents) and
starting or intermediate chemicals (like phenol, benzene, food supplements like
vitamins and minerals, fibres etc) for production of goods for human
consumption. Twenty first century people are now going back on the natural
products by using herbs to cure their diseases and to keep their body system
fit.
Phytochemical
analysis is a study of natural product compounds known as metabolites e.g
alkaloids, steroids, glycosides, tannins, saponins, flavonoids etc. Metabolites
are natural chemicals or products that are synthesized by enzymes of plants
through photosynthetic process or by the aid of chlorophyll, sunlight, water
and carbon dioxide. Proximate analysis is the study of nutrient values present
in a specific natural extracts such as leafs, roots, seeds, stem etc of a
plants.
Medicinal
plants
Medicinal
plants are plants which have a recognized medical use by test or experiment. They
range from plants which are used in the production of mainstream pharmaceutical
products to plants used in herbal medicine preparation. Medicinal plants can be
found growing in numerous setting all over the world.
Herbal
medicines are the finished labeled medicinal product that contains active
ingredients, aerial or underground parts of the plant or other plant material
or combination (Chakraver et al, 1993, Chaudhari et al, 1996,Ritch,
2000).Herbal preparation constitute valuable natural resource from which
chemicals of potential interest for medicine, agriculture, industry and other
areas can be identified and isolated (Sneader et al, 1985).Socio-cultural
backgrounds of people are more of herbal medicine like Yoruba’s way of life
towards medicine. T. daniellii and M. accuminata are among those herbs that
might have such medicinal properties.
Sweet Prayers Leaf (Thaumatococcus daniellii)
Thaumatococcus daniellii
leaves used for this research were purchased from New Market, Enugu (Originally
collected from Ihum village in Biast local government area, Calabar in
Cross-River State). The plant is a perennial, monocotyledonous herb and it is
propagated by its rhizomes. It has longer slender stalks that can grow up to
about two meters or more in terms of height. The leaves are broad and some are
small depending on the rate of nutrient adsorption of their roots, also
greenish colour. It has parallel venation. T. Daniellii is herb known as pretty plant to a lay man and
some call it sweet prayers. It grows on dry land and swampy area, the dry land
herbs do sprout a wine colour leaves on their earlier stage and a pale green
leaves on maturity while the other is mainly greenish from its early stage to
matured stage. The leaves are used for wrapping some Nigeria foods
like moi-moi, agidi jellof, uza aki (Enugu state native food), to give the food
taste and hold a particular shape before selling or serving it.
Musa accuminata
Banana
leaves of the specie Musa accuminata is one of the local wrapping leaves that
excel due to its function and necessity in some regions of Nigeria. People
especially the old men often use the greenish leaves of it for wrapping of
fresh meat. Banana plants are herbaceous perennials. They are mostly foliage,
with stems made of rolled leaf layers. The plant leaves, which are up to 9 feet
long and 2 feet wide, unfurl from these stalks. Banana plants are a common
fruit crop. In some areas, gardeners grow them for ornamental reasons. But
banana leaves also offer nutritional and medicinal benefits in addition to
having other values. For meals, the wrapped
banana leaves that form the plant’s stem contain starch, which is extracted
through a fermentation or cooking process. People in some parts of the world
use the resulting flour for baking. The starch is also cooked into glue. Both
leaves have medicinal values.
1.2
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS
·
The usefulness of the leaves in herbal
medicine to cure diseases.
·
The beneficial quality of the two leaves
to health.
·
Nutritional content each of the leaves
possesses as wrapping leaves.
1.3 HYPOTHESIS
The wrapping leaves
Thaumatococus daniellii and Musa acuminate extracts that were gotten from cold
method and soxhlex extraction contain significant amount of alkaloids,
flavonoids, taninines, giycosides, and steroids but more concentrated in the
Thaumatococus daniellii.
1.4 AIM / OBJECTIVES
The
aim is to investigate two commercially available leaves (Thaumatococcus daniellii and Musa
accuminata) used for wrapping foods.
The
objectives are as follow:
·
Determination of phytochemicals present.
·
To anayse for the following parameters,
ash content, crude fibre, crude protein and moisture content of the leaves.
·
To determine the content of Na, Fe, Ca,
Mg and K present in the leaves.
JUSTIFICATION
This is to justify that
all the write ups in this thesis are true to the best of knowledge.
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