ABSTRACT
Pausinystaliayohmibeis
a member of thefamilyRubiaceae. It is a valuable medicinal tree, distributed in
evergreen closed canopy forests in West Africa.
It is traditionally used for treatment mostly on erectile dysfunction.
This research was carried out to evaluate the immunomodulatory effect of (Pausinystaliayohmibe) stem bark
methanolic extract. The yohimbe extract has been reported for its medicinal use
for the treatment of impotence in men and for its anti-oxidants effects but
have not be reported for any sign of immunomodulation or suppressive activity,
which Is the basic aim for this research. This was achieved by assessments of
the extract in the following parameters, using albino mice the phytochemical
analysis which received the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannnis . The
acute toxicity effect of the extract which showed LD50 above 1000mg/kg and
other signs of toxicity like dizziness and depression at dose 800mg/kg on a
prolong administration . The animals were divided into four groups which
received 100, 300 and 600 mg/kg , respectively while group four served as the
control which revived a standard drug (levmisole) for the Delayed-type
hypersensitivity response analysis while group four in the determination of
humoral received distilled water .The extract significantly
(p < 0.05) showed dose related stimulation of humoral immunity at 600mg/kg
dose compared to the standard and also a significantly (p>0.05)
anti-inflammatory activity at 300mg/kg compared with the control group. This
result showed potential immunomodulatory effect because the immunomodulatory
suppressed the antigenic response in system.
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
Many
plants have been screened for their medicinal properties; this includes
yohimbine, which is an alkaloid chemically similar to reserpine. It is gotten
from the bark of the yohimbe tree, it
posses alpha-adrenergic blocking properties and is used as hydrochloride sympatholytic,
mydriatic and for the treatment of impotence (Dorland’s medical dictionary
2007). Sexual dysfunction is a serious medical and social problem that occurs
10%- 52% in men and 25%-63% in women numerous central and peripheral neural
circuits control sexual activity impairment one or more of these functional
circuits may have a significant impact on
personal , social and biological relationships. Although several aspects
of sexual motivation and performance are known, complete picture of the various
factors that control human sexual activity is still unknown and the available
drugs and pleasant side effects and contraindications in certain disease
conditions. A variety of botanical plants are known to have a potential effect on
immunomodulatory (suppressive and stimulatory) functions thereby supporting
older claims and offering newer hopes (Therakan and Manyam, 2005).
Presently,
there is a growing interest in the use of various naturalplants parts and
plants products as medicines and these folk medicines are being marked in
almost all parts of Nigeria and the world at large.They range from herbal
toothpaste to various drug supplements. Some of these herbal preparations may
have some properties, which have contributed to their persistent use over the
years,under scoring the need for validation of most them. It is said that only
about 2% of all the plants on the earth have been subjected to pharmacological
investigation. The rationalablefor utilization of medical plants has rested
largely on long term clinical experience with little or no scientific data on
their effect and safety (Zhu M, et.al
2002), with the upsurge in the use of herbal medicines through scientific
investigation of these plants is imperative, based on the need to validate
their folk usage (Sofowora E.A,1989).
Yohimbe
bark extracts standardized to varying
amounts of yohimbine are widely available in health food stores and through
direct mail companies. Extracts are supplied as capsules tablets and liquids.
Some of theseyohimbe preparations are
sold in combination formula’s with other herbs. Yohimbine hydrochloride is a Food
and Drug Administration (FDA) approved prescription drug for the treatment of
impotence (BetJ.M, et.al, 1995).
Bet
J.M and Coworkers (1995) also investigated yohimbe
in commercialyohimbe products. Gas chromatography
determinations were done on liquids and powders (from capsules and caplets). Virtually
all the products tested did not specify on their labels that the products
contained yohimbe bark extract
concentration of yohimbine in the commercial products ranged from > 0.1 to
489pppm , compared with 7089ppm in authentic bark material of the 26 products examined , nine contained
no quantifiable amount of yohimbe ;
eight contained only trace amounts (0.1-1ppm). The authors suggest that the
absence of alkaloids in the products indicated that the original extracts was
aqueous (because the alkaloids are not particularly water soluble), the extract
was extremely diluted in the final dosage form or no yohimbebark was used to make the product.
Yohimbe
is available in research quantities at 98% purity from Aldrich chemical
company. Yohimbinehydrochloride from Aldrich and Sigma are available at 99 and
80%purity, respectively (Aldrich chemical co., 199; sigma, 1999).
1.2 PAUSINYSTALIA YOHIMBE
Pausinystaliayohimbe
is also known as corynantheyohimbe.
Another common name is Yocon, the Yorubas’ know it as
Idagbon, while theHausas’ call itDankamaru.
1.3 BOTANICAL INFORMATION
It
is an evergreen tree which grows to a height of 30m with a spread of 8m, the
stem is erect and branching the less are oval, acuminate and about 10cm long.
The seed are small winged silvers, almost paper thin. Pausinystaliayohimbe
is a native of the rain forest of Nigeria, Cameroon and the Congo. It prefers
rich soils in a protected part sun to shady position, and is drought and frost
tender. The propagation of pausinystaliayohimbe
is by seed or cutting. Seeds are sown in a free draining seed micorshagnummoss
and will need temperature above 250C to germinate quickly. Seeds
have a very short viability, which declines rapidly in dry and warm conditions (Shaman
Australia Botanicals 1998).
1.4 TRADITIONAL USE
Yohmibe
is the only natural medicinal aphrodisiac. It popularly used as an aphrodisiac
in its native area and has been well documented and its unique effect was soon
valued in many parts of the world, especially in Europe, Africa and Nigeria.
Its modern times products have found a wide market ranging from medically
treated impotence and self administered sexual enhancement “smart products”
like “Cloud 9”™, “Viagra”, Barbecue for Suyaand other herbal ecstasy formulations.
1.5 STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS
Although
yohimbe has been found to reduce
blood sugar level in induced diabetic miceand impotency, but its administration
has be seen to be an unsafe herbal practice because the percentage yohimbinein yohimbebark has not been documented,
making it impossible to determine the exert percentage concentration presents
in various yohimbe products used as folk
medical and other health benefits of such as immunomodulatory potentials of
this plant has not been fully investigated. Many countries especiallyin Nigerian,Yohimbe extract and its products are
promoted and still been indiscriminately used.
1.6 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
The
aim of this research work was to evaluate the immunomodulatory effects ofPausinystaliayohimbemethanolic extractin
albino mice.
This
aim was achieved through the following objectives;
1. Quantitative
and qualitative analyses of the phytochemical constituents of Pausinystaliayohimbe.
2. Investigation
ofthe toxicity effect (LD50) of the methanol extract.
3. Investigation
of the immunomodulatory potentials of Pausinystaliayohimbe methanol extract in
mice via the following parameters;
a) Evaluation
of phagocytosis
b) Determination
of delayed-type hypersensivity response (DTHR).
c) Determination
of humoral immune response (IgG and IgM).
d) In vivo
leucocyte mobilization test.
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