ABSTRACT
This research was conducted in Microbiology Laboratory of Godfrey Okoye
University to determine the antimicrobial efficacy of aqueous, methanol,
ethanol of Pisdium guajava and Citrus x sinensis on the pathogenic Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans. The Dimethyl sulfoxide
was used for dissolving the plant extracts. Pisdium
guajava showed antimicrobial activity against C. albicans with the exception of methanol showing no zone of
inhibition to any of the isolates. The aqueous and methanol plant extract of Citrus x sinensis showed antimicrobial
activity against S. mutans and C. albicans. Citrus x sinensis showed highest inhibition with MIC concentration
of 0.256g/ml, 0.064g/ml, 0.032g/ml showed slight growth while concentration
0.016g/ml and 0.008g/ml showed heavy growth, there were scanty growths in the
MBC and MFC plates. Phytochemical screening, proximate, chromatographic
analyses and the antimicrobial activities of tender stem of Psidium guajava and Citrus x sinesis, were carried out. The phytochemical screening
revealed the presence of all metabolites and compounds tested for such as
flavonoids, tannins, reducing sugar, terpenes, saponins, anthraquinones and
alkaloids.The antimicrobial screening of methanol extract showed activity
against the tested organisms. The antimicrobial screening of ethanol and
aqueous also showed activity against the tested organisms. The result indicated
that the plants had a potential antimicrobial activity and was concentration
dependent. The chromatographic analysis of the extracts showed presence of
variety of compounds. This therefore, supports the traditional medical use of Psidium guajava and Citrus x sisnesis
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Medicinal
plants constitute an effective source of both traditional and modern medicine.
These plants have been shown to have genuine utility and about 80% of the rural
population depends on them as primary health care (Akinyemi, 2000). Plants have
been used as sources of remedies for the treatment of many diseases since
ancient times and people of all continents especially Africa have this old
tradition.Infections
caused by pathogenicbacteria and fungi remain an important public health
concern particularly in developingcountries because of factors such as:
emergence of bacterial and fungal strains that areresistant to most useful
antibiotics (Abad et al., 2007; WHO,
2007), HIV/AIDS pandemic(Wagate et al.,
2008) and unavailability of vaccine (Assob et
al., 2011). Conventionaldrugs are expensive and the western health
facilities are also inaccessible to rural people(Matu and Staden, 2003; Wagete et al., 2008).Medicinal plants have been
used since time immemorial to treat and prevent humanailments because they have
components of therapeutic value (Hassan et
al., 2006;Gulluce et al., 2006;
Parekh and Chanda, 2007). Domesticated and non-domesticatedanimals in ordinary
settings unconsciously treat themselves when sick by eating variousparts of
medicinal plants such as leaves, stems, barks and roots (Sindiga et al., 1995).They may also treat their
skin conditions by briskly rubbing themselves against suitableplants with
curative properties (Sindiga et al.,
1995).WHO estimates that up to 80% of the world`s population relies on plants
for their primary health care needs (Doughari, 2006; Turker and Usta, 2008;
Verma et al., 2011).Such a large
population depends on traditional medicine due to factors such as: Increasein
resistance to the commonly used antibiotics, high cost and inaccessibility to
antibioticsespecially in rural areas. It is however noted that medicinal plants
are readily available,they have little side effects and there is extensive
local knowledge on herbal medicineamongst the communities (Rojas et al., 2006;
Doughari et al., 2008). There are
about20,000 plant species used for medicinal purposes (Gulluce et al., 2006). From which atleast 121
chemical substances are extracted (Olila et
al., 2007). Some of the known goodsources of pharmacologically active
compounds are natural products from fungi andhigher plants (Olila et al., 2001). Many of the effective
drugs such as anti-malarial, anticancer, anti-diabetic and antibiotics such as
atropine and ergometrine compounds havebeen purified from medicinal plants
(Olila et al., 2001; Samie et al.,
2005). Medicinal plants are also sources of many active ingredients in the
pharmaceutical industries(Maundu and Tengnas, 2005). The popularity of plants
medicine is increasing because of their biodegradability, least persistence and
less toxic to non-target organisms, economic and easy availability. Guava plant
(Psidium guajava) Linn.belonging to family
Myrtaceae, a traditionally used plant
because of its food and nutrition value. Guava is widely grown in tropical and
many areas like India, Bangladesh, Florida, and West Indies. Different parts of
the Psidium guajava are reported to
be used in folk medicine. Various parts of the plant like root, bark, leaves
and fruits are found to possess many pharmacological properties as it is used
in the treatment of various disorders. Various evidences depict that the leaves
and bark of P. guajava tree possess a
long history of medicinal uses.The aqueous extract of guava leaves has been
reported to be efficacious in the treatment of various types of
gastrointestinal disturbances such as diarrhoea, inhibition of the peristaltic
reflex and gastroenteritis. Moreover the whole plant is used as skin tonic and
is employed in the treatment of female related disease like dysmenorrhoea,
miscarriages, uterine bleeding and premature labour. Recent studies on the
pharmacological properties of the bark, fruit and leaves depicts antibacterial,
hypoglycaemic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, spasmolytic and central nervous
system depressant activities. Bark tincture showed fungicidal activity at
different concentrations but exhibit only fungistatic property in case of Candida albicans. Leaf extract of psidium guajava also reported for the
anti-bacterial activity on staphylococcus
aureus due to the protein degrading activity of the leaf extract. The
aqueous extract was more potent in inhibiting the growthof E.coli,staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeroginosathan the organic extracts. The Gram negative
bacteria were less susceptible to the effect of crude drugs. The genus Citrus belongs to the family of Rutaceae and is native tropical and
subtropical areas in Southeast Asia. The citrus plants are grown worldwide and
ranks top in production and trade among the fruit trees. Citrus fruits are richer sources of bioactive compounds having
beneficial effect on human health such as vitamin C, carotenoids, flavonoids,
limonoids, essential oils, acridone alkaloind, minerals and vitamin B complex.
Majority of citrus fruits are eaten
fresh such as sweet orange, mandarins, grapefruits etc(metallurgy 2011).
1.1
AIM AND OBJECTIVES
Aim
The aim of this study is to determine the antimicrobial efficacy of
two medicinal plants (Psidium guajavaand
Citrus x sinensis) against two
microorganisms (Streptococcus mutans
and Candida aldicans).
OBJECTIVES
i.
To determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and Minimum
Bactericidal Concentration of Psidium
guajava and Citrus x sinensis
against the test organisms
ii.
To determine the phytochemical properties of Psidium guajava and Citrus x
sinensis.
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