ABSTRACT
This
study was conducted to analyze farm households and community food security in
Kaduna state, Nigeria, by purposefully choosing two of the four agro ecological
zones of the state’s ADP; and the random choice of four LGAs and eight
communities. The analytical tools used include descriptive statistics, Food
Security Index (FSI), multiple regression (Tobit), Community Food Security
Assessment Toolkit and Coping Strategy Index. Data were collected using
structured questionnaire administered to 244 farmers and the use of focus
groups. The result of the analysis revealed that about 80% of the respondents
were in the age range of 21-50 years and 87% had farming experiences more than
10 years. In addition, about 66% of the farm households had farm income less
than N200,000 with an average N180,914.50k per annum, while for
non-farm income sources, only 69% of the respondents acquired income outside of
farming activities at a yearly average of N130,407.10k. Average farm
holdings was 2.05ha as 75% of the farmers acquired farmlands through
inheritance. The expenditure pattern of households revealed that food
expenditure accounts for 52% of total household expenditure, with a yearly
average found to be N113,351.10k. The chunk (72%) of food expenses were
on starchy food items, while for non-food expenditure, per capita household
medical expenses, came highest at an average of N21,093.03k, accounting
for 21% of total non-food expenditure annually. Most farmers sourced their food
from both own production and market buying. Only 41% of the respondents had
experienced food shortages in the last five years occurring mostly between July
and August. Amongst others, the cause of food shortage was noted to be the
inadequacy of money to procure food during lean seasons. Furthermore, the FSI
of households obtained showed that 66% of respondents were able to meet the
daily calorie intake of 2260 kcal per capita. The average FSI for food secured
and insecure households were 1.45 and 0.85 respectively. The determinants of
food security status as obtained from Tobit regression were food security
status perception, adjusted household size, per capita annual expenditure on
health of family members (at 1%), dependency ratio (at 5%), access and usage of
consumer credit and total crop production in grain equivalent (at 10%). The assessment
of community food security shows the profiling of each community’s
socio-economic and demographic characteristics, profile of community food
resources, assessment of household food security, assessment of food
availability and affordability and assessment of community food production. The
result of food coping strategy analyses shows that the highly employed coping
strategies during food crisis amongst others, included buying from market
(90%), eating less preferred food (79%), borrowing money/food from
friends/relations (72%) and sale of livestock (62%). The coping strategy index
also shows that about 41% of those that employed various coping strategies had
severe food crisis. Significant relationships were noted between food
insecurity level of severity, level of commitment to commercial motorcycling
and benevolent non-farm income (gifts). Based on the results of the survey,
recommendations were given to the farmers and the government accordingly.
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
Title page
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
Abstract
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Problem Statement
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Justification of the Study
1.5 Scope and Limitation of the
Study
CHAPTER TWO
Literature Review
2.1 The Concepts of Food Security
2.1.2 Community Food Security
Concept
2.1.3 The Concept of Consumption
Pattern
2.1.4 Food Coping Strategy Concept
2.1.4.1 Coping Strategy Pattern
2.2 Food Security Measurement:
The Focus on Chronic Hunger and Poverty
2.2.1 Approaches to Measurement of
Food Security
2.2.1.1 Food economy approach
2.2.1.2 Group ratings
2.2.1.3 Dietary diversity
2.2.1.4 Coping strategy index
2.2.1.5 The food security module
2.2.2 Community Food Security
Assessment
2.2.3 Causes of Food Insecurity
2.2.4 Determinants of Food Security
2.3 An Overview of the Food
Situation in Nigeria: Current Level of
Food Security in Rural Areas
2.3.1 Food consumption in Nigeria
2.3.2 Sources of food
2.3.3 Food consumption by
livelihood measure of income
Methodology
3.1 The Study Area
3.2 Sampling Procedure
3.3 Data Collection
3.4 Analytical Techniques
3.4.1 Descriptive statistics
3.4.2 Food security index (FSI)
3.4.3 Multiple regression analysis
3.4.4 Community food security
assessment
3.4.4.1 Profile of community
socioeconomic and demographic characteristics
3.4.4.2 Profile of community food
resources
3.4.4.3 Assessment of household food
security and coping strategy
3.4.4.4 Assessment of food
availability and affordability
3.4.4.5 Assessment of community food
production
3.4.5 Coping strategy index (CSI)
CHAPTER FOUR
Results and Discussion
4.1 Demographic and
Socio-Economic Characteristics of Respondents
4.1.1 Age of Household Heads
4.1.2 Years of Farming Experience
of Household Heads
4.1.3 Sex Distribution of Household
Heads
4.1.4 Marital Status of Household
Heads
4.1.5 Household Size
4.1.6 Children Age Distribution
4.1.7 Household Heads’ Level of
Education
4.1.8 Respondents Level of
Involvement in Agriculture
4.1.9 Household Farm Income
4.1.10 Household Non-Farm Income
4.1.11 Major Economic Activities of
Household Heads
4.1.12 Households Farm Size
Distribution
4.1.13 Land Ownership Structure and
Fragmentation
4.2 Expenditure and Consumption
Pattern of Farm Families
4.2.1 Household Annual Food
Expenditure Pattern
4.2.3 Farmers Daily Expenditure
4.3 Household Food System
4.3.1 Source of Crop Food
4.3.2 Source of Animal Protein
4.3.3 Use of Crop Surpluses
4.3.4 Food Shortage and Causes
4.3.5 Food Shortage Solution
4.3.6 Market Patronage
4.4 Household Food Security
Status
4.5 Determinants of Household
Food Security Status
4.6 Assessment
of Community Food Resources and Community Food Security
4.6.1 Profile of Community Food
Resources
4.6.1.1 Animal protein sources
4.6.2 Assessment of Household Food
Security
4.6.3 Assessment of Food
Availability and Affordability
4.6.4 Assessment of Community Food
Production Resources
4.7 Food Coping Strategy Analyses
4.7.1 Frequency of Food Coping
Strategy (FCS)
4.7.1.2 Eating less preferred food
and rationing adults meals
4.7.1.3 Borrowing money/food from
friends or relations
4.7.1.4 Sale of livestock and
consumption of seed stock
4.7.1.5 Working for money, sending
out children to work and scavenging
4.7.2 Coping Strategy Index (CSI)
and Severity
4.7.3 Correlation of Income Shocks
with CSI
4.7.4 Correlation of Food Coping
Strategies with CSI
CHAPTER FIVE
Summary, Conclusion and
Recommendations
5.1 Summary
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendations
5.3.1 The farmers
5.3.2 The Government
5.4 Contribution to Knowledge and
Suggestion for Further Studies
References
Appendixes
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
1.1 Introduction
Reducing
food insecurity continues to be a major public policy challenge in developing
countries. Almost 1 billion people worldwide are undernourished, many more
suffer from micronutrient deficiencies, and the absolute numbers tend to increase
further, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa (FAO, 2008). Recent food price hikes
have contributed to greater public awareness of hunger related problems, also
resulting in new international commitments to invest in developing countries
agriculture (Fan and Rosegrant, 2008). Global Hunger Index (GHI) ranking of
Nigeria as 40th among 79 food deficient countries in 2011,
40th again in 2012, 39th
in 2013 and 38th
in 2014 remains unacceptably high and has indicated that no remarkable progress
has been made from all efforts geared towards hunger reduction (GHI, 2011,
2012, 2013 and 2014). The GHI Report (2012) further posit that rising food
prices, malnutrition and deaths as a result of wide-spread poverty is an
indication of the prevalence of food insecurity in the country. It is also a
sign of extreme suffering for millions of poor people.
Agriculture is however one of the most important
sectors of the Nigerian economy, it contributes more than 40% of the total
annual GDP in 2010 (NBS, 2012). The sector employs about 70% of the labour
force and accounts for over 70% of the non-oil exports and, perhaps most
importantly, provide over 80% of the food needs of the country (Adegboye, 2004
and NBS, 2012). Agriculture provided adequate food for the Nigerian populace
both in quantity and quality during the era before independence in 1960.
Helleiner (1996), showed that in Nigeria, between 1950 and 1960, food
production was at subsistence but self-sufficient level. The economy was
experiencing rapid growth of 4.5% between 1958 and 1963, the
driving force being a booming trade in agricultural commodities export, growing
annually at 5.5%. The first decade of Nigerian independence (1960-1970) opened
the way to food shortages as a result of declining agricultural production and
increasing population growth rate. The increase in population at a rate
considerably higher than the rate of increase in food production has continued
to widen the gap between domestic food supply and domestic demand. This disparity
has led to rising food prices (85-125% increases in many Nigerian cities) and
declining foreign exchange earnings from agricultural exports. The interaction
of these factors has led to food insecurity and the idea of self-sufficiency is
becoming more and more difficult to achieve due to declining agricultural
production and inefficient food marketing system (Helleiner, 1996).
In order to ensure self-sufficiency and food security
in Nigeria, a number of agricultural development institutions and reforms were
embarked upon by the federal government since 1970. These programmes include:
National Accelerated Food Production Programme, NAFPP (1973); Agricultural
Development Project, ADP (1975); Operation Feed the Nation, OFN (1976); River
Basin Development Authorities, RBDA (1977); National Seed Service, NSS (1977);
Agricultural Credit Guarantee Scheme, ACGS (1977); Rural Banking Scheme, RBS
(1977); Green Revolution, GR (1979); Directorate of Food, Road and Rural
Infrastructure, DFRRI (1986); National Agricultural Land Development Authority,
NALDA (1992); National Fadama Development Projects, NFDP (1992); Nigerian
Agricultural Cooperatives and Rural Development Bank, NACRDB (2000); National
Agricultural Development Fund, NADF (2002); Commodity Marketing and Development
Companies, CMDC (2003), Root and Tubers Expansion Programme, RTEP (2002), and
the Food Security Thematic Group, FSTG (2009).
According to Ihimodu (2004),
empirical records of many of these programmes and projects are not impressive
enough to bring about the expected transformation of the sector. The food
self-sufficiency ratio has fallen from 98% in early 1960s to less than 54% in
1986. In 1990, 18% of the population (14.4 million) was estimated to be
critically food insecure and this increased to 36% (32.7 million) in 1992 and
further increased to 40.7% in 1996. As at 2004, over 40% of Nigeria’s estimated
population of 133 million people was food insecure (Idachaba, 2004). In 2014,
the FAO’s estimate of Nigerians living under the poverty line of less than
$1.25 a day was put at 68% (estimation for 2005-2012) while Ajayeoba (2010),
put the figure for food insecure Nigerians at 53 million of the estimated 150
million population.
Given the above figures, it is obvious, that the continuous
efforts of the government will not arrest the food insecurity situation and
hence resort to complement its internal effort with importation of food. Table
1.1 shows the Nigeria’s food imports indicators from 1981-2013. The idea of
importing food to meet the food shortage was later dropped because food import
bill grew substantially and was taking a larger share of the Gross Domestic
Product. For example as indicated in Table 1.1, in 1989, Nigeria’s food import
bill was about N2.3billion (about 0.6% of the total GDP) while it stood at
about N254.6 billion in 2003 (about 2.57% of the total GDP). It peaked very
recently in 2011 when food importation was 8.01% of total GDP, but in 2012, it
was as high as N1.4447 trillion which accounted for about 3.56% of the
total GDP. The food problem was not peculiar to Nigeria. It attracted a global
attention as more than 2 billion people throughout the developing countries and
some other 40 millions in developed world do not have enough food to meet their
basic needs and millions more experience hunger, malnutrition, growth
retardation and sometime death due to starvation (FAO, 2010).....
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