ABSTRACT
This research work appraised waste minimization in building
construction site. The objectives of this research work were; to identify the
types of construction waste generated on site, to make known the relevance of
waste minimization in the construction industry, to identify the causes of
construction waste and also to identify the ways to avoid or reduce
construction waste. Different literature reviews were forwarded to check the
objectives in higher forms to elaborate more on it. In this research data were
collected through questionnaires administered to different companies, and
professionals in the study area, and the data collected were carefully assessed
and analyzed through the use of relative importance index (RII) and it was
presented by the use of tables. The findings shows that the general practices,
it is out rightly difficult to find a professional in the building industry
that want waste to be abundance in site; during the study the research found
that waste was a common phenomenon in every building sites; it was also
discovered that waste minimization was less paramount in building construction
site to the professionals; it was found out that waste minimization in building
construction site and the industry in general. In view of the conclusions, the
following recommendations were made: contractors should focus on quality in the
construction activities in order to mitigate rework/improvement, which is the major
cause of material wastage. Contractors should also avoid experiencing
difficulty in movement of materials on sites that causes wastages. Clients
should be briefed and enjoined to provide the requisite information to mitigate
last minute changes so that contractors can manage their materials effectively.
Contractors should make use of various measures of control that can minimize
wastage.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Construction material waste can be defined
as “any material, apart from earth materials, which need to be transported
elsewhere from the construction site or used within the construction site
itself for the purpose of land filling, incineration, recycling, reusing or
composting, other than the intended specific purpose of the project due to
material damage, excess, non-use, or noncompliance with specification or being
a by-product of the construction process.” (Ekanayake and Ofori, (2000).
Materials contribute 70% of the total cost of a building project Seeley (1995).
Approximately 136 Million tons of
building related construction and demolition (C&D) debris is generated each
year in the country C&D is generated DETR, (2000). Therefore, waste
minimisation on building sites is an important element in project planning and
control, and minimisation of waste should be given adequate attention. One of
the primary focuses of a contractor is to deliver a project safely while
maximising profit. Contractors survives, based on the profit realised as a result
of their expertise.
Poor materials management can also
result in substantial, but avoidable costs during construction. This could
result in contractor’s use of insufficient materials and eventually
nonconforming to specification, stemming from inadequate quantities of material
usage for production.
1.1 Background to the Study
Failing to minimize waste there are
grave consequences that could result from poor waste management in building
construction sites, which could result in insufficiency of material for
production on site, forcing contractors to produce non-conforming products.
Firstly, the use of insufficient quantities of materials could lead to the
partial or entire collapse of a structure. Weak Spots, on a structure are
liable to Collapse, because of inadequate strength to withstand both the dead
and imposed loads.
Secondly, it could lead to lack of
patronage of the contractor, implying that the contractor cannot secure
contracts, and ultimately result in liquidation. This means that both the contractor
and his/ her employees will be non-operational and unemployed. Thirdly, it is a
measure of a contractor’s competence. A collapsed building, which is
attributable to inadequate strength of components of a building, could either
be as a result of lack of construction knowledge on the Part of the contractor,
or the contractor use of less quantity of materials for production. Fourthly,
it exposes the level of competence of professionals in the industry at the
instance of collapse of building, and that the industry is not safe. It must be
understood that the infrastructure and development of a nation largely on the
construction industry, and then mainly the building sector thereof. Therefore, it is of paramount importance that
materials are well managed on site to minimise wastage and its associated
problems.
Waste
generated by construction operations need to be taken seriously because
construction industry contributes a significant waste to the overall waste
volume in a country. Today, its importance has a definite impact and becomes
essential in the pursuit of productivity goals. In addition to the need to be a
well-informed society on waste, it is necessary to effectively communicate and
develop adequate understanding on waste minimization. Now waste management is
necessary. Recycling is one of the best options to convert the waste material
into recycled contents.
1.2 Statement of Research Problem
Construction waste has
many major impacts on the environment. There are varieties methods demand in
execution of mega projects in Ekpoma, together with many commercial building
and housing development programmed, a large amount of construction waste is
being produced by the construction sector. Construction waste must be balance
justifiably with waste disposal because the huge volume and various
compositions have the potential to post serious problem and leads to other
surrounding impacts. The process involves awareness, cleanliness conservation,
and efficient waste management process. To sustain better monitoring of
construction waste, the sustainable development must demonstrate benefits
rather than sacrifice to the public.
The amount and type of waste products
depends on factors, such as the stage of construction, type of construction
work and disposal practices on site. Extra construction materials are usually
planned due to the lack of consideration given to waste reduction during the
planning and design stage to minimize the generation of waste.
The excessive wastage of raw
materials, improper waste management and low awareness of the need for waste
reduction are common in the local construction sites. Thus, waste minimization
is an important area of concern in the implementation of waste management.
Growth in construction activities generates construction waste which is fast
becoming a serious environmental problem with deadly consequences Most of the
construction and demolition, waste in our country are not recycled but end up
in landfills occupying valuable land. not to mention the cost incurred in land
filling. In line with this, a study on the benefits of waste minimization, the
materials which could be recycled, Methods used to dispose waste materials and
the factor as to why recycling is not popular was carried out.
1.3 Objectives of Study
The objectives
of this study are mainly:
The aim of
this study is to minimize waste on construction sites. So to achieve this aim
the following objectives are set below...
i.
To identify type of construction waste generated on site
ii.
To make known the relevance of waste Management in the construction
industry.
1.4 Scope of the
Study
My scope of study covered
building sites: area of the study is in
Ekpoma Edo state. And the application of construction waste management as in
practice and to study the recycle method of construction waste in construction
industry in Ekpoma.
1.5 Significance of the Study
This study done due to
many reasons, the first reason and it is the important one which is considered
as one of the three major environmental problems as construction industrial waste
grows. That gives impact to the environment. So we can reduce that by
construction management and to get benefit of waste minimization on
construction site.
Also in this research we
looking how to reduce the construction burden to the landfill and give more
life to the landfill. Other reason of this study is how to prevent construction
waste by which way and which method to minimized construction waste to give
notification by those responsible or supervisor or contractor to the workers in
site to work properly and how to prevent the sources of waste. Other than that,
this study hopes to convince the responsibility of those that control or anyone
who is involved in construction industry like builders, engineers, developer,
construction site manager or supervisor and contractor that the best disposal
of waste materials is recycling.
With recycling the materials will not
give burden to landfill but will give more life to the landfill and will not
sent to incinerators just the contractor can sent the materials to recycling
centre or any recycling companies.
Doing recycling to the
materials on site or sent to recycling centre will give profit to the
contractor or at least will recoup his losses in same time that going to
protect the landfill and give it more life. This is the way builders and
contractors in building construction industry in Ekpoma can minimize and cut
down on landfill site and protect the natural.
1.6 Definition of Terms
Land fill: A system in which waste material are
buried underground.
Recycling: A process to change waste material into
new product to prevent waste of potentially useful material
Waste
Is defined as unwanted or unusable
material
Waste
management
Is defined as the collection, transportation,
and disposal of waste
Building
Is defined as any structure or
enclosure of space with roof and wall for the protection of lives and property
1.8 Study
Area (Ekpoma)
Ekpoma,
located at latitude 6.75 degree north and longitude 6.13 degree east has an
altitude of 330m, Ekpoma has a population of approximately 59,624 people.
Ekpoma is the headquarters of Esan west local government area Edo state
Nigeria, and has more than (24) twenty four towns and many villages. Some of
them include:
1.
Ekpoma
2.
Ujemen
3.
Iruekpen
4.
Ihumudumun
5.
Uhiele
6.
Idumebo
7.
Emuhi
8.
Uke
9.
Eguare
In the
following community listed above, there is massive increase in population which
has now Allow the increase in infrastructural development (buildings) that is
ranging from various sizes and shapes. And thereby increasing waste from the
each of these building site during construction.
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