ABSTRACT
In
Nigeria we see a lot of individuals who suffer from one health challenge to the
other. Some of these health challenges could have been prevented if detected
early or possibly follow some prescribed methods for enhanced living. This
study was undertaken to assess the impact of smoking, lack of exercise and
weight on medical cost. The study collected data using both primary and
secondary sources. The primary data was gathered through the questionnaire and
yearly bulletin published by ministry of health. The data from the study was
analyzed using the regression method whereby the dependent variables (Smoking,
lack of exercise and Weight) was compared to the independent variable (Medical
cost). The study found out that medical cost is on the increase while people
suffer more. This is because a lot of people are not living a healthy
lifestyle. The study recommended regular physical exercise, total abstinence
from smoking and proper dieting.
TABLE
OF CONTENT
CHAPTER
ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
1.2 Problem statement
1.3 Purpose of the study
1.4 Significance of the study
1.5 Study hypotheses
1.6 Scope and Limitations of the Study
1.7 Definition of Basic terminologies
1.8 Organization of Study
CHAPTER
TWO:
REVIEW
OF RELATED AND RELEVANT LITERATURE
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Conceptual Review
2.3 Theoretical Framework
2.4 Empirical Studies
CHAPTER
THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Research design
3.3 Specific Research Method
3.4 Type and
sources of data
3.5 The Model
3.6 Tools of
analysis
3.7 Unit root
tests
CHAPTER
FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Data Presentation
4.3 Data analysis
4.4 Data Interpretation
CHAPTER
FIVE: CONCLUSION, SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Conclusion and Findings
5.3 Summary of the Study
5.4 Recommendation
Bibliography
Appendix
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
Health
is a natural facet of liveliness - both by definition and realization. The
ancient Indians had attributed the secret of” jivemshardahshatam” - hundred years of vigorous, healthy, happy and
creative life - to the total harmony of the mode of living with the Nature and
the spiritual inheritance of life. Lifestyle plays an important role in staying
healthy. Overall health is what we have placed in our body, we come strictly
and consistently to maintain our physical fitness. When it comes to our diet, we
understand the important elements of maintaining all health; Eating natural,
whole food and commitment to avoiding high food items in fat and oil. But
physical fitness, more than anything else, helps in protecting our body from
disease and disease and keeps us strong and healthy in the future. How is a
healthy life? An effective fitness routine involves exercise that works with
your current health and lifestyle. If you are currently sitting, start a
fitness routine very slowly - include a small amount of exercise in your daily
schedule and Raise your strength and conditioning as you grow is a wonderful
exercise that will positively affect your all areas of your body. Fitness and
fitness can be easily solved by beginners. Start walking a little bit each day and
increase your speed and distance just like you feel strong. In sociology, a
lifestyle is the life of a person. Sedentary lifestyle is a big risk factor in
common diseases. Psychotic lifestyle is a medical term that is used to denote a
type of lifestyle, with any or irregular physical activity. A person who lives
in a sedentary lifestyle is known as colloquial, a couch potato is found in
both developed and developing countries. There is little or no vigorous
physical exercise involved in sitting in sitting activities, reading, viewing
television and using computers for a long day. A sedentary life style can
contribute to many preventable causes of death. A seamless lifestyle is a
lifestyle in which a person is not engaged in adequate physical activity, which
is generally considered to be a healthy life. It is marked for long periods of
seating, whether it is around TV or computer screen or something, sedentary
lifestyle people ignore physical activity and are involved in those activities
that rarely require any physical stress. According to a new study, sedentary
lifestyle can be more dangerous for your health than smoking. Many researchers
have been done on the effects of sedentary lifestyle on a person around the
world. The findings of these researches can be mentioned as follows: The main
effect of a sedentary life style can be seen on the size of your trouser.
Because you are eating many calories and actually not burning any of them,
these calories are stored in your body as extra fat. And this is just the
beginning of problems. To work efficiently, your heart should get proper blood
supply from the blood vessels (coronary arteries). In a sedentary lifestyle,
leading blood circulation can slow down and stiffness and block your blood
vessels. In severe cases, it can cause arteriosclerosis and cardiac arrest.
According to a study, due to lack of physical activity in your Middle Ages,
risk of death from heart disease can be 52 percent for men and 28 percent for
women.
Regular
exercise helps control the level of blood glucose. According to studies
conducted by researchers at Duke University Medical Center, intense exercise
can significantly improve the body’s ability to control blood glucose levels.
Due to lack of exercise results, blood sugar levels have increased, which puts
more pressure on your pancreas (which hides the insides of the hormone
insulin). This increases the likelihood of type 2 diabetes. On the other hand,
Great changes have taken place in the cigarette product in recent decades. In
1954, the average “tar” yield of the sales-weighted average cigarette was 37 mg
and average nicotine yield was 2 mg. In 1930, the comparable figures are
expected to be less than 14 mg of “tar” and leas than 1 mg of nicotine. No
cigarette marketed in the United States in 1979 yielded more than 30 mg of
“tar.“l Smokers have turned to these new products because of health concerns.
In the 19509, cigarette manufacturers introduced cigarette filters as “health
protection” and advertised them widely. The 1964 Report of the Surgeon
General’s Advisory Committee on Smoking and Health did not discuss cigarette
smoke filtration, but in 1966 the Public Health Service reviewed the issue of
smoke constituents.
That
report stated, “The preponderance of scientific evidence strongly suggests that
the lower the ‘tar’ and nicotine content of cigarette smoke, the less harmful
would be the effect.” Thereafter, Government and tobacco industry scientists
conducted studies of cigarette engineering and tobacco cultivation that could
lead to lower “tar” and nicotine yields. Later, when new products appeared,
cigarette manufacturers aggressively promoted them through advertising. The
technology of producing lower “tar” cigarettes has progressed well beyond a
simple reduction in the amount of tobacco in the cigarette or the removal of a
portion of the “tar” by filtration. Present technology has achieved “tar”
reduction by alterations in plant genetics, changes in the cultivation and
processing of the tobacco leaf, and changes in cigarette paper and filtration
of the cigarette. But what is the effect of smoking on medical cost? These and
many more is what this study seeks to address.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
The
increase in the number of people who are ill in the various health
establishments has risen geometrically overtime. Most of these illnesses may be
as a result of unhealthy lifestyles and habits. Amongst this various unhealthy
lifestyles and habits are smoking, lacks of exercise, weight, poor dietary just
to mention but a few. In Nigeria specifically, a lot has been said about
smoking and lack of exercise. Smokers as they say are liable to die young,
though a lot of publicity has gone out to this regard, most smokers have rather
not taken heed to this meaning but have rather seen it as a normal jingle
without really pondering over it them to make changes in their life styles and
bad habits.
Lack
of exercise “as deadly as smoking” is now causing as many deaths as smoking in
Nigeria and across the world.This has also contributed to the unprecedented
rise in illness across Nigeria.
Strong
evidence shows that lack of exercise which leads to physical inactivity
increases the risk of many major adverse health conditions including:
Death
(from any cause), coronary heart disease, high blood pressure, stroke,
metabolic syndrome (including obesity and abnormal blood cholesterol levels),
breast and colon cancer, depression etc.
It
estimated that overall, physical inactivity which is caused by lack of exercise
caused more than 5.3 million of the 57 million deaths that occurred worldwide
in 2008 which Nigeria is not excluded. The researchers suggest this is
equivalent to the 5 million deaths attributed to smoking in 2000 (Kingsley
2012: 42).
It
is generally believed that a regular exercise helps to
- reduce the risk of falling ill
- controls your weight
- Improve your mental health and mood
- Improve your ability to do daily
activities
- Increase your chances of living longer,
etc.
There
may also be a relationship between the weight of a person and the propensity to
fall ill. This study helps to explore those unique relationship between the
various parameters mentioned earlier in this study.
1.3 Aims and objectives of the study
The
following are the objectives of the study:
1. To
know if there is a relationship between smokers and their weight.
2. To
study the impact of smoking and lack of exercise on health conditions of
patients.
3. To
know the nature of relationship between smoking, weight, level of exercise on
the medical cost of patients.
4. To
study the relationship between weight and health care cost of patients.
1.4
Significance
of the study
The
importance of this study seeks to unveil the impact of smoking, level of
exercise, and weight on medical cost of patients in Nigeria. With the view of
advising the generality of Nigeria based on the statistical discoveries made
from the study.
This
study also seeks to study the relationship between weight of patients on
medical cost of patients, smokers and their medical cost and level of exercise
of patients and their corresponding medical cost. All these would assist in
advising smokers and people who don’t exercise based on the findings from the
study.
1.5 Research Hypotheses
Hypothesis
1
H0:
there is no relationship between smoking and medical cost of patients.
H0:
there is a relationship between smoking and medical cost of patients.
Hypothesis
2
H0:
there is no relationship between lack of regular exercise and medical cost of
patients.
H0:
there is a relationship between lack of regular exercise and medical cost of
patients.
Hypothesis
3
H0:
there is no relationship between smoking, lack of regular exercise and medical
cost of patients
H0:
there is a relationship between smoking, lack of regular exercise and medical
cost of patients
1.6 Scope and Limitation of the study
The
scope of this study is centered on the impact of smoking, less exercising on
the weight and health care cost of patients using the federal medical center
Owerri Imo state as a case study.
Limitation
of the study
Time
constraint
The
major limitation of the study is the time constraint; the researcher was
inhibited by time as there was no enough time to cover all patients in the
hospital.
Financial
constraint
Another
constraint of this study is financial constraints, lack of adequate finances in
printing enough questionnaires for the patients and to equally interview the
health practitioners.
1.7 Definition of Terms
Smoking:the
activity or habit of smoking cigarettes.
Exercise:a
physical or mental activity that you do to stay healthy or become stronger. It
can equally be a set of movements or activities that you do to stay healthy
Weight:how
heavy somebody or something is which can be measured in kilograms or pounds.
Medical:connected
with illness and injury and their treatment.
1.8 ORGANIZATION/PLAN OF THE STUDY
The
research work will be divided into five chapters:
Chapter
one is the introduction part, which covers the background of the study,
statement of the problem, the objectives of the study, research hypotheses, and
significance of the study, scope and limitations of the study, definition of
terms and organization of the study.
Chapter
two contains the literature review and theoretical framework. In this chapter
the views relating to the study of early writers on the topic are considered
imperative.
Chapter
three contains the research methodology which covers the research method
(instrument) or approach, the population of the study, the sample and
technique, the method of data collection and the method for data analyses and
interpretation. Chapter four contains the data presentation, analysis and
interpretation. In this chapter, the data gathered from the respondents will be
presented, analyzed and interpreted. Chapter five contains the summary,
conclusion.
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