ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to assess the public
perception of the causes and, consequences of post election violence in Zaria
local government area. The research instrument that was used in data collection
was questionnaire which was complemented by in-depth interview. One hundred
(100) questionnaires were administered, but only ninety four (94) were
returned. The data was analyzed using percentages and frequencies, with the aid
of Statistical Package for the social sciences (SPSS).The outcome clearly shows
that, rigging of election results was a major cause of post election violence.
Furthermore, the finding exhibits dissatisfaction with results, religious
sentiments, corruption, poverty and absence of laws on post election violence
were also the causes of post election violence. The study also reveals some
consequences of post election violence. These include destruction of lives,
destruction of properties, displacement, distortion of peace and enmity.
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
Title
page
Abstract
Table
of contents
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
Introduction
Statement
of research problem
Aims
and objectives of the study
Research
Questions
Significance
of the study
Scope
of the study
Definition
of the concepts
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE
REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Introduction
Nature
of post election violence
Causes
of post election violence
Effects
of post election violence
Solutions
to post election violence
Theoretical
framework
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
Introduction
Location
of the study
Types
and sources of data
Population
of the study and sampling technique
Instrument
for data collections
Data
analysis
Problems
encountered in the field
CHAPTER FOUR: ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION OF DATA
Introduction
Socio
demography data of the respondents
Nature
of post election violence
Main
target of the violence
Weapons
used during the violence
Causes
of post election violence
Consequences
of post election violence
Possible
solutions to post election violence
Discussion
of findings
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY,
CONCLUTION AND RECOMENDATION
Introduction
Summary
Conclusion
Recommendations
References
Appendix
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
BACKGROUND
TO THE STUDY
An electoral process is an alternative to violence as a
means of achieving good governance. When an electoral process is perceived as
unfair, unresponsive, or corrupt, its political legitimacy is compromised and
stakeholders are motivated to go outside of the established norms to achieve
their objectives (Jeff, 2006). Most
often, violence becomes the only way. Electoral violence is the act of or
threats of coercion, intimidation, or physical harm perpetrated to affect an
electoral process or that arise as in the context of electoral completion. When
perpetrated to affect an electoral process, violence may be employed to
influence the process of election; Such as effort to delay, disrupt or derail a
poll and to influence the outcome; the determining of winners in competitive
races for political office or to secure approval of referendum questions.
Electoral violence is a sub-type
of political violence in which actors employ coercion in an instrumental way to
advance their interests or achieve specific political ends. Electoral
violence includes acts, such as assassination of opponents or spontaneous fist
cuffs between rival groups of supporters and threats, coercion and intimidation
of opponents, voters, or election officials. Election violence has become a
global phenomenon associated mostly with developing and under developed
countries like Nigeria (Magdaleno 2012).
The Nigerian state is not alien to electoral
violence which can be traced as far back as the pre independence elections.
Contestants in Nigeria can go to any length to rig and win elections even if it
means to break the states monopoly of violence to deploy terror to win
elections. At the concluded 2015 general elections in Nigeria, the South South
part of Nigeria witnessed different levels of mayhem and the destruction of
lives and property. On the other hand the Northern and South Western states
witnessed minimal electoral violence unlike previous years where violence was
more in the North. (LadanBaki I.S.2016).
All elections in Nigeria are
marred with one form of violence or the other at various stages. Ladan (2006) opined
that, violence has become part of the
political culture in Nigeria such that all elections are virtually
violence-ridden, that violence is manifest in all the three states of the
election process: pre-election, during elections, and post-election period.According to Iraboh (2011). Electoral reform
act 2006 was one of the policies promulgated to check the phenomenon of
election violence in Nigeria and its implementation committee was headed by
Justice Uwais which was saddled with the responsibility to make recommendations
on how to restore sanity to the Nigeria’s electoral process. Still some crisis
where noticeable and manifested by bloody violence which almost tore Nigeria
apart in general and Zaria Local Government in particular and led to the death
of many innocent Nigerians. And cause un-ended ethno religion conflicts’ in
Southern Kaduna State.
1.2 STATEMENT
OF RESEARCH PROBLEM
Election violence has eaten deep into the Nigerian
societies. In such social coexistence, peoples’ perception is a very important
factor in addressing the issue of election violence and its effects. Since the
goal of every election is to be free and fair and once that characteristic is
not respected there is high possibility for the emergence of state of nature
(Maba 2011). This is not unconnected to a country like Nigeria which since its
inception in 1959, general election has never enjoyed free and fair election.
There is a strong believe that election sustains democracy and organization of
election is seen as part of a democratic process and absence of this is an
inevitable chaos.
Since Nigeria’s election have been marred by crude violence
with devastating effects, it is evident that previous conduct of elections in
Nigeria lead one to interrogate it validity from the point of view of violent
effects it usually come with. It seems that there is a kind of contagion of
inadequacies and improper conduct of election in Nigeria since 1959 till date.
The previous election period in Zaria Local Government was animated by crude
violence which causes effects in Zaria and Kaduna state. Therefore, there is
need to ask the public perception on this violence and its effects. This research
is conducted to examine the perception of public perception in Zaria Local
Government about the effects of post election violence.....
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