ABSTRACT
Field, greenhouse and laboratory studies were carried out at the Department of Crop Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka in order to evaluate the leaf spot disease of eggplant and its management with some botanicals. Field survey of diseased plants was conducted on eggplant farm. Solanum aethiopicum L. plants were sampled on every 1 m distance along the diagonal transects for disease incidence and severity. Pathogen isolation from severely infected leaves was carried out in the laboratory where the diseased leaves were plated on fresh Potato Dextrose Agar. Identification of the isolated fungi was carried out with the aid of identification scheme based on their cultural characteristics. Nursery preparation for raising eggplants used in the green house was also carried out on a sterilized soil. The five most abundant pathogens isolated were inoculated separately on the seedlings of eggplant in five replicates. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design. Phytochemical contents of the four plant extracts were determined in the laboratory. An in vitro control of the organism responsible for the leaf spots was carried out using plant extracts at 0.030 g/ml, 0.060 g/ml, and 0.120 g/ml and 0.250 g/ml concentrations. The experimental design was a 9x4 factorial in a completely randomized design (CRD). The data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Means were later separated using Fisher’s least significant difference (F-LSD). Helminthosporium infestans Dur. & Mont, Cladophialophora carrionii Trejos, Aspergillus niger van Tieghem, Rhizopus nigricans Ehrenb and Neurospora africana Huang & Backus were isolated from the diseased eggplant leaves. H. infestans recorded the highest percentage frequency (61.11 %) while A. niger had the lowest percentage frequency (5.56 %). H. infestanswas pathogenic to eggplant seedlings. The Koch postulate test confirmed H. infestans as the causal organism of the spots symptoms. The qualitative phytochemical analysis on the test plants revealed the presence of tannin, soluble carbohydrate, hydrogen cyanide, steroids, flavonoids, alkaloids as well as glucosides in all the extracts analyzed. The effect of ethanolic extracts of the test plants significantly (P<0 .05="" activity="" and="" anti-fungal="" extracts="" i="" incidence="" of="" pathogen.="" reduced="" seed="" severity="" the="">G.
kola on H. infestans was highest at 0.0120 g/ml concentrations. G. kola could be used as fungicide to manage leaf spot in eggplant because of its availability and eco-friendliness.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title page
Publications from the work
Table of contents
List of tables
List of appendices
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEW
Helminthosporium infestans Dur & Mont
Symptoms
Aspergillus niger van Tieghem
Rhizopus nigricans Ehrenb
Cladophialophora carrionii (Trejos)
Neurospora africana Huang & Backus
Plant extracts for Crop Protection
Neem (Azadirachta indica L.)
Utazi (Gongronema latifolia L.)
Paw- paw (Carica papaya L.)
Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosecoe)
Bitter kola (Garcinia kola Heckel)
Phytochemicals
How phytochemicals work
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Determination of the pathogenicity of fungi isolates on African
eggplants in greenhouse
Isolation and identification of the pathogens associated with diseased eggplants
Identification of Pathogens
Composition and Preparation of different types of culture media
Preparation of PDA media
Preparation of water agar
Preparation of inoculum suspensions
Soil sterilization
Study on the leaf spot disease organism (Helminthosporium infestans)
Phytochemical analysis of some medicinal plants
Determination of the phytotixicty effect of plant extract on eggplant and disease organism
In- vitro control of the organism using Plant extracts and synthetic fungicides
RESULTS
Mean percentage disease incidence and severity of leaf spot disease on eggplant surveyed for 30 days
Fungi associated with the eggplant leaf spot disease, their percentage
frequencies of occurrence and pathogenic test
Phytochemical analysis of the five plant extracts
Plant extracts concentrations on days to seed germination and 50 percent seed germination
Plant extracts concentration on days to 100 (%) seed germination and days to leaf formation
Plant extracts concentration on percentage seed germination at 7 and 14 days of incubation
Number of dormant seeds after seed germination
Colony growth (diameter) on mycelia growth 3 days after inoculation
Colony growth (diameter) on mycelia growth 6 and 7 days after inoculation
Colony growth (diameter) on mycelia growth 9 and 10 days after inoculation
Colony growth (diameter) on mycelia growth 14 days after inoculation
The mean percentage inhibition of the plant extracts and synthetic fungicides 3 days after inoculation
The mean percentage inhibition of the plant extracts and synthetic fungicides 7 days after inoculation
The mean percentage inhibition of plant extracts and synthetic fungicides
14 days after inoculation
Discussion
Conclusion
References
Appendix
INTRODUCTION
The African eggplant (Solanum aethiopicum L.), known as garden egg, añara, aubergine in Europe and brinjal in India or guinea squash is one of the important vegetable crops grown worldwide. The name eggplant is derived from the shape of the fruits of some varieties which are white and have the shape of chicken eggs. Eggplant is essentially a warm weather crop which extensively grows in Eastern and Southern Asia, including India, USA, Bangladesh, Pakistan, China, Japan, and the Philippines. It is also popular in Egypt, France, Italy (Tindall, 1983). According to FAO 1994 Production Year Book, the world eggplant production land area was 556,000 ha, and the total production was 8,979,000 metric tons. Gill and Tomar (1991) reported 299,770 ha of eggplant production area in India, and 29,150 ha in Bangladesh in 1992-93. Eggplant can be grown in all parts of Nigeria all the year round. It is grown commercially as an annual crop; it is a short- lived perennial branching herb with a height of 0.5-1.5m. The fruit can be eaten in various forms without the need for an elaborate preparation. It is eaten raw, cooked or used to season other foods. Eggplant supplements starchy foods. It is also a cheap source of protein, minerals and vitamins (Lombin and Yayock, 1988). The tender green leaves of some species are also used as vegetables or eaten raw in African salads,ugba. It can be eaten as appetizer or offered to visitors as desert (kola).
The African eggplant (Solanum aethiopicum L.) is affected by several fungal diseases which inflict heavy losses in its production. One of such fungal disease is the leaf spot disease. Severely infected leaves drop off prematurely resulting in the reduction of yield. Due to environmental concerns, great emphasis has been laid on alternative measures other than chemicals, to control this fungal disease. The use of botanicals and antimicrobial agents of plant origin is a time –honored practice for control of plant diseases and pests. The necessity to develop a non-toxic, safe and biodegradable alternative to synthetic fungicides has in recent years led to a concerted effort at developing new control measures from plant parts.
Aqueous extracts of some plants have been used in laboratory bioassays (John and James, 2004). These plants include Allium cepa (onion), a biennial herb of Liliaceae family used commonly as spice for flavoring food. Allium sativum L. (garlic), another biennial herb of Liliaceae family and the second most widely use Allium after A. cepa; it is used as condiments for flavoring foods. Stoll (1998) reported the bactericidal properties of Azadirachta indica A Juss (neem), a fast growing tree of the family Meliaceae and also a medicinal plant with insecticidal, nematicidal, antifungal and bactericidal properties. It occupies a foremost status among all the plants exploited so far for bio-efficacy against pests and diseases (Kumar and Pamar, 1996). The primary antimicrobial constituents are Azadirachtin A and B. In addition, Neem contains a good number of other chemical substances which include Salannin, Meliantriol, Azadirachtannin.....
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