ABSTRACT
Attempts at attracting foreign direct investment in Nigeria have been based on the need to maximise the potential benefits derived from them, and to minimise the negative effects their operations could impose on the country. To this effect, the federal government of Nigeria has over the years, been employing different incentive measures, both fiscal and monetary, for the purposes of attracting investors to develop the economy. How successful have these incentives been?In this study,impact of incentive measures on the flow of foreign private investments: the study of Nigeria’s tax incentive policy measures (1995 – 2005) theresearcher set out achieve four objectives to assess the Nigerian tax environment; to examine the incentive regimes of the federal government of Nigeria; to study the trend of foreign private investment in the country, with the objective of ascertaining its economic impact; and finally, to appraise the effect of the various incentives on foreign private investment in Nigeria. The research found that there are several built-in incentives to attract foreign private investments into Nigeria; that the manufacturing and agricultural sectors were more favoured in the incentive measures; that the incentive measures were able to boost the inflow of foreign direct investments; that this increased inflow however, could not translate to visible improved living standards, nor reduce inflation and the unemployment status of the nation.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page
Abstract
Table of Contents
CHAPTER ONE – INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of Study
1.2 Statement of Problem
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Hypotheses Formulation
1.5 Scope of Study
1.6 Limitations of the Study
1.7 Significance of the Study
1.8 Definitions of Terms
References
CHAPTER TWO – LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Taxation – A Theoretical Overview
2.1.1 Objectives of Taxation
2.1.2 Principles of Taxation
2.1.3 Features of a Good System
2.1.4 Classification of Taxes
2.1.5 Effects of Taxation
2.2 Nigerian Tax System
2.2.1 A Historical Overview of Nigerian Taxes
2.2.2 Tax Administration
2.3 Incentives
2.3.1 Administration of Incentives
2.4 Foreign Direct Investment
2.4.1 Factors that Influences Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
2.4.2 Appraisal of Policies and Incentives for Inflow of FDI
References
CHAPTER THREE – RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design
3.2 Sources of Data
3.3 Methods of Data Collection
3.4 Population and Sample Size
3.5 Techniques of Data Analysis
References
CHAPTER FOUR – DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS
4.0 Introduction
4.1 Data Presentation
4.2 Data Analysis
4.3 Testing of Hypothesis
References
CHAPTER FIVE – SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.0 Introduction
5.1 Summary of Findings
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendations
Reference
Bibliography
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
According to Medupim (2002:1), foreign private investment accounted for 70% of the total industrial investment, in Nigeria, at independence. This also constituted over 90% of investment in such basic industries as chemical production, and vehicle assembly plants and no less than 90% of other manufacturing sub-sectors. Foreign Private Direct Investment (FPDI) dominated banking, insurance and mining before the indigenization programme (Ukeje, 2003:285).
However, the indigenization programme of 1972 and 1977 drastically reduced foreign private investment in Nigeria. Ever since then, there have been concerted efforts by the FederalGovernment of Nigeria to industrialise and attract Foreign Direct Investment, over the years. This is because, according to Okafor (1983:53), direct foreign investment often means much more than capital inflow. It also constitutes a source of new product ideas, technology, professional expertise, etc. These efforts take the form of incentive schemes, which come in different forms. But common in African and the company income tadx relief, import duty relief, and all other tax incentives (ibid).
Howbeit, in order to attract enough foreign private investment, the macro economic environment must be attractive to foreign investors also. Issues like industrial infrastructure, sizeable internal market, and political stability together with a friendly tax environment, all culminate to influence foreign private investment into any country.
The Nigerian scenario is such that, since after the indigenisation programmes, successive governments have been trying very hard to woo foreign investments into the country. This was crystallised by the Federal Government repealing the Nigerian Enterprises Promotion Decree (NEPD) of 1977, in the year 1995, and in its place promulgated the Nigerian Investment Promotion Decree (NIPD) No 16 of 1995, and the Foreign Exchange Decree No 17 of the same 1995.
All with the intention of liberating the economy, as to open it up to foreign direct investments.
Added to the above were the carving out of Industrial Zones, and Export Promotion Zones. Various tax incentives have also been put in place, coupled with the relaxation of fund repatriation. The deregulation of the economy, and the privatisation of the non-performing public corporations, has also been embarked upon.
To what extent then, has all these moves been fruitful? The aim of this research is to investigate how incentive measures are used by government for attracting Foreign Private Investment in Nigeria and the extent of its success. To accomplish this, this project paper is presented in five chapters – chapter one introduces it, chapter two deals on the review of related literature, while the methodology of the research is presented in chapter three. Chapter four handles the data presentation, analysis and the testing of hypotheses. Chapter five summarises the findings of the research, draws conclusions and makes recommendation.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Attempt at attracting foreign direct investment into Nigeria have been based on the need to maximise the potential benefits derived from them, and to minimise the negative effect their operations could impose on the country (Aremu, 2003:44). The ways of attracting this FDI, especially by the developing countries, like Nigeria, is tax incentives (Anyafo, 1996:53). This taxation is defined as a compulsory levy payable by an economic unit to the government, without any corresponding entitlements to receive a definite and direct quid pro quo from the government (Bhatia, 2001:37).
To this end of attracting FDI, the Federal Government of Nigeria has negotiated and signed tax treaties with a few Foreign Governments, pursuant to section 38 and schedule 7 of Personal Income Tax Act (PITA) and section 34 of Company Income Tax Act (CITA). These statutes feature a wide array of tax holdings and exemptions which are intended to boost investment. For instance, the Industrial Development (Income Tax Relief) Act makes provision for the granting of relief to pioneer companies (Abdulrazaq, 2002:5). Other tax incentives to encourage Foregin Direct Investment are also in place.
With all the tax incentives lavishly given by the government, what has been the response to foreign direct investment? How has the implementation of these incentives affected the net
In recognition of the above, the researcher intends to study the present tax incentive regime in Nigeria, with the aim of ascertaining how far they have encouraged foreign direct investment in the country.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The benefits of direct foreign investment can impact positively on both domestic private and public investment (Ukeje, 2003:284). The other benefits are: increase in national real income; increase in labour employment and labour productivity; increase in innovation – managerial ability, technical manpower and technological know how; increase in quality of goods and services produced (ibid), amongst other benefits. However, the ways of attracting this foreign direct investment, especially by developing countries like Nigeria is tax incentives according to Anyafo (1996:53).
To what extent, therefore, are these benefits accruing to Nigeria, with her present tax incentive regime? To ascertain this fact, the researcher therefore, is saddled with the following objectives:
1) To assess the Nigerian tax environment;
2) To examine the incentive regimes of the federal government of Nigeria;
3) To study the trend of foreign private investment in the country, with the objective of ascertaining its economic impact;
4) To appraise the effect of the various incentives on foreign private investment in Nigeria;
5) Finally, to make recommendations on areas that might need a further review based on the findings of the study.
1.4 HYPOTHESES FORMULATION
In furtherance of the above study, and in a bid to achieve the afore-stated objectives, the following hypotheses will be postulated and appropriately tested for their validity. Hypothesis I
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