TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page
Table of content
Abstract
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
1.2 Problem Statement
1.3 Objectives of the study
1.4 Justification for the study
1.5 Research Hypotheses
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Poverty Alleviation in Nigerian Context
2.2 Apiculture in Nigeria
2.3 Review of Empirical Studies n Beekeeping
2.4 Apiculture as a tool to enhance rural economy
2.5 Modern Apiculture
2.5.1 The use of modern bee hives
2.6 Review of the Analytical Tools
2.6.1 Theoretical basis of stochastic frontier model
2.6.2 Profitability of beekeeping farming activity
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Description of the study Area
3.2 Sampling procedures
3.3 Data Collection
3.4 Analytical Technique
3.4.1 Descriptive Statistics
3.4.2 Farm budgeting (net farm income)
3.4.3 Foster-greer-thorbecke‟s (FGT) weighted poverty index
3.4.4 Stochastic frontier model
3.4.5Pearson correlation analysis
3.4.6 z-statistic
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Socio-economic Characteristics of the Respondents
4.1.1 Distribution of respondents based on Gender
4.1.2 Distribution of respondents based on marital status
4.1.3 Distribution of respondents based on age
4.1.4 Distribution of respondents based on educational status
4.1.5 Distribution of respondents based on household size
4.1.6 Distribution of respondents based on bee farming experience
4.1.7 Distribution of respondents based on membership of beekeeping cooperative
4.1.8 Distribution of respondents based on year of membership of beekeeping cooperative
4.1.9 Distribution of respondents based on access to credit
4.1.10 Distribution of respondents based on amount and sources of credit obtained
4.1.11 Distribution of respondents based access to agricultural extension
4.1.12 Distribution of respondents based on number of agricultural extension contact
4.1.13 Distribution of respondents based on number of beehives owned
4.2 Profitability of Beekeeping in the study Area
4.2.1 Test of hypothesis
4.3 Level of contribution of beekeeping to Household income
4.3.1 Household total income from beekeeping enterprise
4.3.2 Contribution of beekeeping products to total beekeeping income
4.3.3 Contribution of beekeeping enterprise to household total income
4.4 Economic Efficiency of Beekeeping in the Study Area
4.5 Impact of Beekeeping on the Poverty Status of the Beekeeping farmers
4.5.1 Test of hypothesis
4.6 Constraints Encountered in Beekeeping in the Study Area
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendations
5.4 Contribution to Knowledge
References
ABSTRACT
The
study was undertaken to assess the profitability of Improved Apiculture and its
Relationship to Poverty Status in Abuja, Nigeria”. A
purposive sampling technique was used to purposively select 140 bee farmers
from three area councils namely, Abaji, Bwari and Kwaliin the FCT. The data
were analysed using descriptive statistics, Farm budgeting techniques,
Foster-Greer Thorbecke (FGT) model, stochastic frontier model and Pearson
correlation. Result revealed that all bee farmers in the study area were male
and within the age bracket of 30-39 years with a mean age of 37. The average
household size was 6. About 62.9% of the bee farmers had a secondary education,
indicating that they are largely literates. The average years of farming
experience was 4. About 62.9% of the farmers had contact with extension agents,
about 35% had more than 40 beehives on their farm land. The calculated net farm
income of beekeeping per hive of 0.7m2
in the study area was N32,514.56, also the returns to naira invested of
2.67 implies that for every N 1 invested in bee farming , a profit of N
1.67 was generated. The poverty gap index shows how far bee farming households
are from the poverty line, it was estimated to be 0.39; this implies that the
mean aggregate food and non-food consumption shortfall of the poor bee farmers
relative to the poverty line across the whole population of bee farmers was 39%
and the poor bee farmers are not too far away from the poverty line.The parameters
of the stochastic frontier production function were estimated simultaneously
with those of the model of inefficiency effects. Results indicated that all the
variables were significant (P<0.01) except baiting material. The mean
technical and allocative efficiencies were 81% and 64% respectively. Findings
further revealed that none of the sampled beekeeping farms reached the frontier
threshold.However, the average economic efficiency of the beekeeping farmers
was 52%.The mean annual income of the beekeeping farmers from beekeeping (N30,9671.43)
was higher than that of the beekeeping farmers income from on-farm activities (N162,212.86)
and off-farm activities (N16,285.71) indicating that beekeeping
contributing a higher proportion to the total income of the beekeeping farmers.
Constraints highlighted were inadequate capital (69.3%), problem of theft
(52.1%) amongst others. It was recommended that more extension agents should be
trained on modern beekeeping so that they can effectively disseminate beekeeping
information to the farmers. Beekeeping farmers should leverage beekeeping
association as an avenue to access finance, inputs, technical information and
market.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background to the Study
Apiculture (otherwise known as Beekeeping) is the art of
rearing, breeding and managing honeybee colonies in artificial hives for
economic gains (Ikediobiet al., 1985; Morse, 1989). It refers to the
practice and management of the bees in the hives (Ojeleye, 1999; Shu‟aibet
al., 2009), which leads to the production of valuable materials such as
honey, beeswax, propolis, bee pollen, bee venom and royal jelly.
According to Oluwole (1999),
modern bee keeping that entails housing the bees is not difficult to embark
upon because investment is low, it does not require large area of land and
water and there is no need for daily care. Beekeeping is an agricultural and
forest based decentralized industry and does not displace persons from their
villages. Bee keeping is a sustainable form of agriculture that can provide
rural people with a source of much needed income and nutrition, therefore they
have economic reasons to retain the natural habitat or modify it to boost honey
production, and to increase yield of other agricultural products (Babatundeet
al.,2007).
Poverty, on the other hand, is general scarcity, dearth, or
the state of one who lacks a certain amount of material possessions or
money.The poverty incidence in Nigeria increased from 65.6% in 1996 to 78.3% of
the population in 2004 (FOS, 2004). Furthermore, the distribution of extreme
poverty by occupational category indicates that 67.4% of thepoor in Nigeria
were in agriculture (FOS, 1999). Its incidence rose from 27.2% in 1980 to 42.7%
in 1992 and 69% in 2010 (NBS, 2012).Nigeria Human
In order to reduce poverty situation in Nigeria, especially
in the rural communities, apiculture (beekeeping) which is an aspect of
agriculture is a self-reliance enterprise that should be considered; it could
help to raise household income and reduce unemployment and other social vices
associated with poverty (Ayansola, 2012). Beekeeping for honey production is a
profitable agricultural enterprise nowadays in all parts of the world including
Nigeria (Onwubuyaet al., 2013); there is a growing consumption of honey
and other bee products because of its high values in maintaining good health
and in treatment of various diseases ((Onwubuyaet al., 2013). But
Nigeria usually meets domestic demand for honey mostly by importation from
producer countries and local bee hunters (Ja‟Afarfuro 2007; Ayansola,
2012).With the current growth in domestic consumption of honey in Nigeria, the
future of apicultural enterprise is very bright as the demand for honey and
pollinators is bound to increase, it could provide food, nutritional, and
livelihood security to the rural work force on an ecologically sustainable
basis.
1.2 Problem Statement
Like in many developing countries, poverty in
Nigeriais essentially a rural phenomenon as most of theimpoverished people live
in the rural areas, where theyderive their livelihood from farming (Etimand
Ukoha, 2010).Therefore, beekeeping has been identified as one of the
agricultural enterprise that can be practised as a safety net against poverty,
providing households with extra income from the sales of honey and other beehive products. The
adoption of improved beekeeping technology by bee farmers as an aspect of
agricultural enterprise is an option available to meet the culinary and
industrial demands for bee honey and its products (Anyaegbunam, et al, 2006).
The importance of beekeeping to the society is enormous. For
instance, Ojo (2004) describe the enterprise as a means of empowering youth
economically because of its many advantages over other types of agricultural
enterprises. The enterprise needs relatively small investment capital and most
of the equipment needed for modern beekeeping can besourced locally. In
beekeeping, the quality ofland required is less important because hives are
placed either on the trees or on the ground. It isalso not competing with other
enterprises for resources as the bees use nectar and pollengrains of plants.
The climatic information gathered depicts that the FCT
has a vegetation and climatic condition that is favourable to beekeeping
activities. The vegetation of the study area is of guinea, woodland and derived
savannah, with trees like ParkiabiglobosaButyrospermumparkii,
AzadiractaindicaMangiferaindica, Acacia species Delonixregia, and
Anacardiumoccidentale. These species of trees provide forage for the honeybees,
however despite this fact, these natural resources are not being maximally
utilised; since the beefarmers are still living far from the poverty line.
Also, bee keeping for wealth creation has practically remained untapped in the
study area. Those already involved in beekeeping in the study area are not
utilizing all the bee products but are mostly interested only in honey and bee
wax extraction...
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