ABSTRACT
The scope of this work was to make detailed analysis of phase distribution in a horizontal pipe. This detailed analysis has been successfully carried out. Data obtained from wire mesh sensor (WMS) were used for the analyses. The operating fluid considered was an air/silicone oil mixture within a 6 m horizontal pipe with internal diameter of 0.067 m. The gas superficial velocities considered spans from 0.047 to 4.727 m/s, whilst liquid superficial velocities ranged from 0.047 to 0.4727 m/s. The wire mesh sensor (WMS) data obtained consist of the average cross-sectional and time average radial void fraction sensor with an acquisition frequency of 1000 Hz over an interval of 60 s. For the range of flow conditions studied, the average void fraction was observed to vary between 0.38 and 0.85. An analysis of the results shows that the major flow patterns observed in this study were found to be in slug and smooth stratified flow regime with the slug flow been the dominant one. At constant liquid superficial velocity, the void fraction increases with an increase in the gas superficial velocity. This observed trend in the horizontal void fraction is consistent with the observations made by (Abdulkadir et al., 2014) and (Abdulkadir et al., 2010) which were all in the vertical orientation. The performance of the void fraction correlations and their accuracies were judged in terms of percentage error and RMS error. Nicklin et al. (1962), Hassan (1995) and Kokal and Stanislav (1989) were judged as the best performing correlations and Greskovich and Cooper (1975) as the least. A cubic profile which was dependent on the gas superficial velocity was observed as the radial void fraction increases with gas superficial velocity. It was also obseved that for a given liquid superficial velocity, the frictional pressure drop increases with increase in both gas and mixture superficial velocities. Another finding made was that, even though Wu et al. (2001)’s model was proposed for vertical orientation with air and water used as the operating fluid, it could as well replicate the observed radial void fraction in the horizontal orientation. The experimental frequency was seen to increase with liquid superficial velocity but followed a sinusoidal trend with increase in gas superficial velocity.
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Problem Definition
In this world system you would realize that as human as we are, we are not complex to understand as single units. For example, let us take the male species, you would realize that he is kind of burden free when he is single but as soon as he marries then he brings a burden of the wife and the children if he has one on himself, in the sense that he now has a lot of responsibilities relative to the time he was single. These increases in responsibilities are not peculiar to the man alone but also to the woman as well. There are therefore a lot of problems that arise as a result of the union between the man and the woman. If today they are not figurehting and threatening to divorce each other, tomorrow they may be quarrelling and insulting each other as to why they made such a wrong choice. Today, marriage has become like a besieged city, all those in it want to come out and all those who are out want to go in. It is amazing, isn’t it?
These complex phenomenon that exist between a man and a woman co-existing in a marriage is the same complex phenomenon that can be observed from oil and gas which is transported together in a single pipe. Initially when an oil well is been produced, at a pressure at or above the bubble point pressure only oil is been produced which can be likened to a bachelor who is burden free but immediately the well is produced below bubble point pressure, gas begin to come out of solution, hence multiphase phenomenon and therefore the need to transport both oil and gas through the pipes.
The onshore and offshore production and transportation of oil and gas resources has always been a challenge within the energy industry, with engineers having to deal with the various technical and environmental challenges associated with multiphase flows. For example, in an offshore environment, it is economically preferable to
A vital characteristic of two-phase flow is the presence of moving interfaces and the turbulent nature of the flow that make theoretical predictions of flow parameters greatly more difficult than in single-phase flow. Thus, experimental measurements play an important role in providing information for design, and supporting analysis of system behavior. Because of this, there is a real need to make certain measurements of void fraction distribution for model development and testing. As it happens, these quantities must also be measured for control and monitoring of industrial two phase systems....
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